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Endocrine > Diabetes Pharmacology > Flashcards

Diabetes Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the first line treatment for T2DM

A

metformin

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2
Q

what classification of drug is metformin

A

Biguanides

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3
Q

describe the mechanism of action of Biguanides

A

reduces hepatic gluconeogenesis and increases glucose uptake to skeletal muscles

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4
Q

what are the contraindications of metformin

A

hepatic and renal impairment

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5
Q

what are the side effects of metformin

A

GI upset
anorexia
lactic acidosis especially if poorer hepatic function

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6
Q

describe the mechanisms of action of sulphonylureas

A

displace the binding of ADP which closes the KATP channel stimulating insulin release

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7
Q

list examples of sulphonylureas

A

tolbutamide
gliclazide
glibenclamide
glipizide

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8
Q

which sulphonylureas are longer acting

A

glibenclamide

glipizide

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9
Q

what are the side effects of sulphonylureas

A

weight neutral
don’t reduce macrovascular risks
can cause hypoglycaemia and excessive insulin resistance especially in the elderly

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10
Q

what are the contraindications to sulphonylureas

A

long acting in elderly and pregnancy

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11
Q

what is the mechanism of action of DPP-4 inhibitors

A

enzyme DPP-4 terminated the action of GLP-1 and GIP which enhance insulin release, by inhibiting this insulin release increases

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12
Q

list 3 examples of DPP-4 inhibitors

A

sitagliptin
saxagliptin
vildagliptin

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13
Q

what are the benefits of DPP-4 inhibitors

A

orally active

no hypoglycaemia

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14
Q

what are the side effects of DPP-4 inhibitors

A

weight neutral

nausea

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15
Q

how do incretin analogues work

A

mimic the action of GLP-1 and resist the breakdown of DPP-4

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16
Q

list some examples of incretin analogues

A

extenatide

liraglutide

17
Q

what are the benefits of incretin analogues

A

moderate weight loss
prevent hypo
reduce hepatic fat

18
Q

what is the mechanism of Thiazolidinediones

A

enhance insulin action at target tissues but does not affect insulin secretion

19
Q

list some examples of TZDs

A

pioglitazone

rosiglitazone

20
Q

what are the side effects of TZDs

A

weight gain
fluid retention
increased risk of fracture

21
Q

TZDs are contraindicated in what diseases

A

heart failure due to fluid retention

22
Q

what is the mechanism of action of SGLT-2 inhibitors

A

reduce renal tubular reabsorption of glucose therefore you pee out more sugar

23
Q

what are the side effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors

A

thrush
UTIs
joint pain

24
Q

what are some examples of SGLT-2 inhibitors

A

canagliflozin

dapagliflozin

Endocrine (11 decks)

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