diabetes mellitus Flashcards
what is diabetes?
metabolic disorder caused by an inability to control blood glucose concentration due to lack of hormone of insulin or loss of response to insulin
what are the signs?
- high blood glucose concentration
- presence of glucose in urine
- excessive urination
- blurred vision
- weight loss
- genital itching/ regular episodes of thrush
symptoms
fatigue
increased thirst/hunger
what is another name for type diabetes?
juvenile-onset diabetes
how is type 1 caused?
result of autoimmune response on attack B cells (insulin producing)
how long does type 1 take to develop?
over a few weeks - with obvious symptoms
how is type 1 treated?
subcutaneous injections of insulin
- biosensors
- monitoring carbs intake
- exercise
why isnt insulin taken orally?
it is a protein so would be digested in the alimentary canal
what is another name for type 2 diabetes?
maturity- onset diabetes
how is type 2 caused?
result of glycoprotein receptors being lost or loss of response to insulin
how long does type 2 take to develop?
very slowly - even goes unnoticed less severe than type 1
how is type 2 treated?
- dietary control to limit sugar intake
- balance with appropriate exercise
- may be supplemented by insulin injections/drugs that stimulate insulin production/drugs that slow down rate of absorption
what are the four main effects of untreated diabetes?
- hyperglycaemia
- osmotic diuresis
- catabolism of protein and fats
how does protein catabolism work?
break down of muscle protein to amino acids (as glucose not utilised as respiratory substrate)
- excess aminoa cids converted into glucose and urea by deamination
- increases excretion of nitrogen (urea) and raises blood glucose levels
how does fats catabolism?
stored fats hydrolysed to fatty acids (used for respiration)
- excess fatty acid oxidation produces acetyl CoA
- converted into ketones by liver
- ketones released into bloos - lowering pH (acidosis)
- affects enzymes/proteins
what is osmotic diuresis?
high concentration of glucose creates hypertonic urine reducing water absorption from collecting urine
- excessive urination
