Diabetes Mellitus

Question 1

Type I diabetes can be summarised by a combination of ______ coupled with ______.

Answer 1

genetic susceptibility

environmental cue

Question 2

_________ protein was found to be present in the Islets of Langerhans of patients who died of early onset Type I diabetes

Answer 2

enteroviral capsid

Question 3

There is a positive correlation between the presence of _____ and diabetes mellitus type I.

Answer 3

virus

Question 4

It is a common phenotype that some people have a decreased ability to barrier bacteria/antigens/toxins from the immune system in the ______. This could link back to the idea that it may be linked to ________. Possibly altered by ______.

Answer 4

GI tract
composition of the gut flora
cows milk/antibiotics

Question 5

Triggering of upregulation of interferon-a (cytokine), which stimulates T-Killer cells (CD8+) can cause ____

Answer 5

Type I Diabetes

Question 6

Type I diabetes can be triggered by inter-related events; such as up-regulation of _______ on the surface of B-islet cells, which isn’t recognised by the host, therefore _______ attack. docking onto cell via surface receptor to MHC-I also have ____ mechanisms to initiate apoptosis.

Answer 6

MHC class I
T-killer cells
FasL

Question 7

In type I diabetes, B-cells that undergo apoptosis are engulfed by ______ which display the MHC auto antigen. _______ cells (CD4+ via CD28 receptor) complex with APCs and accelerate the degradation process by local release of _____ and _____ which induce apoptosis.

Answer 7

Antigen Presenting Cells
T-helper
cytokines
growth factors

Question 8

T1DM Honeymoon phase =

Answer 8

time of relative health just before regressing into complete diabetes

Question 9

T2DM MODY =

Answer 9

maturity onset diabetes of the young, rare monogenic form, asymptomatic until early adulthood

Question 10

T2DM NDM =

Answer 10

Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus, present in first 6 months, not enough insulin produced

Question 11

T2DM NDM =

Answer 11

Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus, present in first 6 months, not enough insulin produced

Question 12

outline the steps for insulin release

Answer 12

1. Glucose enters cell via GLUT2 transporter
2. Glucose metabolised by glucokinase to form G6P
3. G6P metabolites used to increase ATP/ADP ratio
4. Excess ATP blocks K+/ATP channel and cell depolarises
5. Ca2+ gates open in response, causing Ca2+ influx, intracellular Ca2+ reserves released by other processes e.g.PKC/DAG
6. Ca2+ causes exocytosis of insulin vesicles