diabetes mellitus Flashcards
what the diabetes mellitus
-public health problem worldwide
-common chronic disease requiring lifelong behavioral and lifestyle changes.
-Its complications cause many devastating health problems
-It is the leading cause of new cases of blindness, end-stage renal disease requiring dialysis or transplantation, and foot or leg amputations.
The primary goals of treatment for patients with diabetes include:
-Controlling blood glucose levels.
-Preventing acute and long-term complications.
-Thus, the nurse who cares for diabetic patients must assist them to develop self-care management skills.
the anatomy of pancreas
-The pancreas is a gland lies in the abdominal cavity.
-The pancreas is composed of two types of cell, exocrine and endocrine cells.
-Structurally the pancreas can be divided into three regions:
*The head, which lies in the C-shaped curve of the duodenum.
*The body, which lies behind the duodenum.
*The tail, which is situated under the spleen.
what the function of exocrine cell
-Pancreatic enzymes - these enzymes are released from the pancreatic acinar cells and are involved in the digestion of foodstuffs.
-There are three main types of enzyme present in pancreatic juice.
*Amylases :which break down carbohydrates into glucose and maltose.
*Lipases :which are important in the early stages of fat breakdown.
*Proteases: an enzyme that breaks down proteins and peptides.
what the function of endocrine cell
-Endocrine cells, or the islets of Langerhan, make up 1% of the pancreatic cells.
-The major endocrine cells of the pancreas are alpha, beta and delta cells, which secrete glucagon’s, insulin and somatostatin.
-When the blood sugar level falls below normal levels, the alpha cells are stimulated to secrete glucagon, which accelerates the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver.
description of exocrine and endocrine cells
Exocrine
Large number of lobes, each drained by a tiny duct.
Ducts eventually unite to form the pancreatic duct which opens into the duodenum.
Endocine
Groups of specialized cells (pancreatic islets of Langerhans) with no ducts. Hormones diffuse directly into the blood as glands have no ducts.
The actions of insulin on cells :
-Increased glycogen synthesis
-Increased fatty acid synthesis
-Decreased proteolysis
-Decreased lipolysis.
-Decreased gluconeogenesis
-Increased amino acid uptake.
-Increased potassium uptake.
-Arterial muscle tone.
what is the risk factor of diabetes mellitus
BBOL
B-blood pressure are high
B-blood sugar are high
O-obese waist size
L-lipids
what is the diffefrent about Type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus
type 1: the problem is in the insulin that can be a genatic problem
Type 2: the problem in the patient that he eat a fast food , sugar and donot exersice
what the mean of Glycosuria
Glucose does not enter the cell but remains in the blood stream, blood glucose reaches the renal threshold 180 mg%, glucose starts to appear in urine (Glycosuria).
