Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards
What are the symptoms of Diabetes?
-unexplained weight loss
-polydipsia (excess thirst) or polyphagia (excess hunger)
-fatigue
-polyuria (frequent urination)
-blurred vision
-nausea or vomiting
What is the cause of type 1 diabetes?
autoimmune, loss of function of pancreatic beta cells that secrete insulin
What is the cause of type 2 diabetes?
insulin resistance and/or impaired insulin secretion
How could diabetes tests could be utilized to diagnose diabetes?
-fasting plasma glucose
-oral glucose tolerance test
-HbA1C
-casual blood glucose
What is the diagnosis criteria for diabetes using A1C?
A1C 6.5%+
What is the A1C indicative of prediabetes?
5.7-6.4%
What are the risk factors for diabetes?
obesity, physical inactivity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking
What are the microvascular complications of diabetes?
-diabetic retinopathy
-diabetic nephropathy
-diabetic neuropathy
What are the macrovascular complications of diabetes?
accelerated atherosclerosis and high plasma LDL increases risks of stroke, MI, and peripheral circulatory insufficiency
What is the cause of ketoacidosis?
too little insulin causes decrease glucose uptake into cells and forces them to breakdown protein and fat as main energy source leading to increase lipolysis and free fatty acids in the blood- eventually ketone bodies accumulate to exceed buffering capacity of the blood life threatening
What is the cause of hypoglycemia?
too much insulin due to excess insulin treatment or secretagogues (drugs that promote release of insulin)
What are the symptoms of hypoglycemia?
-shaking, sweating, rapid heartbeat
-change in vision
-hunger
-headache
-more severe: behavior changes, lack of coordination, inattention and confusion, seizures, lack of consciousness
What can be used to treat severe hypoglycemia?
glucagon
