Diabetes mellitus

Question 1

define diabetes mellitus

Answer 1

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a syndrome that characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin

Question 2

differentiate between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Include types of type 1 Dm

Answer 2

DM Type I is a disease of insulin deficiency.
DM Type 1A refers to the autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas, resulting in an absolute insulin deficiency.
latent autoimmune deficiency in adults (LADA) has a slower progression to insulin deficiency occurring later in life
DM Type II results from a combination of insulin resistance and less severe (relative) insulin deficiency.

Question 3

list the symptoms of diabetes mellitus

Answer 3

Polyuria- frequent urination
Polydipsia (excessive thirst or excess drinking)
Weight loss
Polyphagia (excessive hunger or ­ appetite)
Blurred vision
Paraesthesia (pins and needles)
numbness in hands and feet
Recurrent infections
lack of interest and concentration
slow healing wounds
tiredness

Question 4

how is diabetes mellitus diagnosed

Answer 4

Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥ 7 mmol/L with symptoms
2 hour plasma glucose post 75g oral glucose (2hPP) ≥ 11.1 mmol/L with symptoms
Random plasma glucose (RPG) ≥ 11.1 mmol/L with symptoms
Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥ 6.5% with symptoms

Question 5

list the acute complications of diabetes mellitus

Answer 5

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic State (HHS)
Hypoglycaemia
Lactic Acidosis
Infection / Sepsis

Question 6

list the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus

Answer 6

Macrovascular – caused by accelerated atherosclerosis
Stroke / CVA (cerebrovascular accident)
IHD (Ischaemic Heart Disease)
PVD (Peripheral Vascular Disease)

Microvascular – caused by thickening of the basement membrane
Neuropathy
Peripheral
Autonomic
Nephropathy
5 stages
Retinopathy