Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards
Diabetes mellitus type 1 is caused by a type (I/II/III/IV) _____ hypersensitivity reaction.
IV
Two-hour postprandial blood glucose more than _____ mg/dl is an essential criterion for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.
200
Diabetes mellitus type (1/2) results from autoimmune destruction
of beta-cells in the pancreatic islets.
1
Insulin treatment is (always/sometimes) necessary in diabetes mellitus type 2.
sometimes
A ______ __ state is much more common in type 2 diabetes than in type 1 diabetes, and it causes increased plasma osmolarity due to extreme dehydration and concentration of the blood.
hyperosmolar hyperglycemic
Patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 show (mild to moderate/severe) glucose intolerance.
mild to moderate
Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed (before/after) the age of 30.
before
Diabetic ketoacidosis causes increased production of ketones such as ______ .
beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate.
______ is a type of acid-base imbalance seen in diabetic ketoacidosis due to a loss of bicarbonate.
High anion gap metabolic acidosis
Treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis includes hydration, management of electrolyte abnormalities, and ______ .
Insulin
The pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus is insulin (resistance/deficiency) .
deficiency
Diabetes mellitus type 1 has association with HLA-DR3 and______ .
HLA-DR4
Diabetes mellitus type 1 has association with HLA-DR3 and______ .
HLA-DR4
The mainstay of the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 1 is (insulin/oral hypoglycemics) .
insulin
The treatment regimen for type 2 diabetes mellitus should be adjusted to keep the glycosylated hemoglobin below ___ percent.
7
Type (1/2) diabetes mellitus is more commonly associated with diabetic ketoacidosis.
1
Ketoacidosis is (common/rare) in diabetes mellitus type 2.
rare
Fasting blood glucose more than ____ mg/dl on two separate occasions is an essential criterion for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.
126
Diabetes mellitus type 2 has a relatively (strong/weak) genetic predisposition.
strong
Polyphagia, glycosuria, polyuria, and polydipsia are all symptoms of .
uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
Patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 have (high/low) insulin sensitivity.
low
The primary defect in diabetes mellitus type 1 is autoimmune destruction of the ________ of the pancreas.
beta-cells
The most common initial manifestation of type 1 diabetes mellitus is elevated blood glucose (with/without) ketonemia.
with
Blood sugar levels in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis are usually (higher/lower) than that of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state.
lower
Cells that produce glucagon and insulin are located in the cluster of cells called the in the pancreas.
Islet of Langerhans
Type 2 diabetes is associated with (high/low) serum insulin.
high
_______ is the biochemical pathway that is initially upregulated in
diabetic ketoacidosis
causing the increase in ketones.
Lipolysis
Insulin sensitivity is (high/low) in diabetes mellitus type 1.
high
The treatment regimen for type 2 diabetes mellitus should be adjusted to keep the fasting blood sugar below _____ mg/dl.
130
__________ is a severe life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus characterized by severe hyperglycemia and accelerated ketogenesis.
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Diabetic ketoacidosis causes a(n) (increase/decrease) ________ in epinephrine production.
increase
Diabetes mellitus type (1/2) is caused by a type IV hypersensitivity reaction.
1
The primary defect of diabetes mellitus type 2 is increased insulin (resistance/deficiency) .
resistance
Diabetic ketoacidosis occurs more often in diabetes mellitus type (1/2) .
1
Volume repletion in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis is achieved using (isotonic/hypotonic/hypertonic) saline.
isotonic
is the best initial pharmacologic therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Metformin
Patients with diabetic ketoacidosis may have (prerenal/intrarenal/postrenal) azotemia due to volume depletion caused by osmotic diuresis.
prerenal
Intravenous bicarbonate should be given if the blood pH is lower than .
6.9
The age for patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 usually is (more/less) than 40 years.
more
is the most common non-inherited risk factor for developing diabetes mellitus type 2.
Obesity
Diabetes mellitus type 1 (is/is not) associated with obesity.
is not
in the pancreas produce insulin.
Beta cells
is described as deep, labored breathing commonly associated with diabetic ketoacidosis.
Kussmaul breathing
Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase and islet cell cytoplasmic antibodies are associated with diabetes mellitus type (1/2) .
1
Insulin deficiency is (mild to moderate/severe) in diabetes mellitus type 1.
severe
Diabetes mellitus type 1 has a relatively (strong/weak) genetic predisposition.
weak
When starting the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis, insulin bolus (is/is not) recommended before confirming the serum potassium is ≥3.3mEq/L.
is not
Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus have (high/low) levels of serum c-peptide.
low
Diabetes mellitus type 1 has association with and HLA-DR4.
HLA-DR3
breathing presents as rapid, deep breathing and is seen in diabetic ketoacidosis.
Kussmaul
In diabetic ketoacidosis, total body stores of potassium are (high/low) .
low
In type 2 diabetes mellitus, ________ causes the pancreas to increase insulin production.
insulin resistance
The blood glucose level of patients with diabetic ketoacidosis is usually above mg/dl.
250
The beta-cell in the pancreatic islets of a patient with diabetes mellitus type 2 have deposits.
amyloid
Diabetes mellitus type 2 (is/is not) ___associated with the human leukocyte antigen system.
is not
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is caused by type (III/IV) hypersensitivity.
IV
In diabetic ketoacidosis, serum sodium is falsely (high/low) due to the osmotic load of glucose.
low
Histology shows islet leukocytic infiltrate in diabetes mellitus type (1/2) _______ .
1
Serum insulin level is low in diabetes mellitus type (1/2) .
1
The total K+ level during diabetic ketoacidosis is (increased/decreased) while the serum level might be increased.
decreased
_______ is a compound that gives patients with diabetic ketoacidosis a fruity odor to their breath.
Acetone
Diabetes mellitus type (1/2) is primarily associated with hyperosmolar non-ketotic hyperglycemia.
2
In type 1 diabetes mellitus, excessive lipolysis can lead to an uncontrolled increase ketone bodies which cause .
diabetic ketoacidosis
Which of the following best characterizes the differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus?
A. Type 1 diabetes typically presents in late adulthood, whereas type 2 diabetes almost always occurs in children 5–15 years old.
B. Type 1 diabetes is an insulin deficiency due to beta-cell destruction, whereas type II diabetes is an acquired insulin resistance.
C. Type 1 diabetes is an acquired insulin resistance, whereas type 2 diabetes is an insulin deficiency due to beta-cell destruction.
D. Patients with type 1 diabetes almost always present in DKA, whereas patients with type 2 diabetes often present in hypoglycemic comas.
E. Type 1 diabetes develops from the sequelae of metabolic syndrome, whereas type 2 diabetes is almost always an autoimmune condition.
B.
Which autoantibody is likely the best test to identify immune-related type 1 diabetes mellitus?
IGF-1
GAD65
IA-2
ICA
ANA
GAD65
Name two hormones produced by enteroendocrine distal ileal cells that regulate appetite.
Oxyntomodulin, GLP-1, peptide YY
