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Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 & 2 > Diabetes Mellitus > Flashcards

Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards

1
Q

Diabetes mellitus type 1 is caused by a type (I/II/III/IV) _____ hypersensitivity reaction.

A

IV

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2
Q

Two-hour postprandial blood glucose more than _____ mg/dl is an essential criterion for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.

A

200

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3
Q

Diabetes mellitus type (1/2) results from autoimmune destruction
of beta-cells in the pancreatic islets.

A

1

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4
Q

Insulin treatment is (always/sometimes) necessary in diabetes mellitus type 2.

A

sometimes

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5
Q

A ______ __ state is much more common in type 2 diabetes than in type 1 diabetes, and it causes increased plasma osmolarity due to extreme dehydration and concentration of the blood.

A

hyperosmolar hyperglycemic

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6
Q

Patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 show (mild to moderate/severe) glucose intolerance.

A

mild to moderate

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7
Q

Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed (before/after) the age of 30.

A

before

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8
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis causes increased production of ketones such as ______ .

A

beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate.

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9
Q

______ is a type of acid-base imbalance seen in diabetic ketoacidosis due to a loss of bicarbonate.

A

High anion gap metabolic acidosis

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10
Q

Treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis includes hydration, management of electrolyte abnormalities, and ______ .

A

Insulin

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11
Q

The pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus is insulin (resistance/deficiency) .

A

deficiency

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12
Q

Diabetes mellitus type 1 has association with HLA-DR3 and______ .

A

HLA-DR4

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12
Q

Diabetes mellitus type 1 has association with HLA-DR3 and______ .

A

HLA-DR4

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13
Q

The mainstay of the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 1 is (insulin/oral hypoglycemics) .

A

insulin

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14
Q

The treatment regimen for type 2 diabetes mellitus should be adjusted to keep the glycosylated hemoglobin below ___ percent.

A

7

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15
Q

Type (1/2) diabetes mellitus is more commonly associated with diabetic ketoacidosis.

A

1

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16
Q

Ketoacidosis is (common/rare) in diabetes mellitus type 2.

A

rare

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17
Q

Fasting blood glucose more than ____ mg/dl on two separate occasions is an essential criterion for the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.

A

126

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18
Q

Diabetes mellitus type 2 has a relatively (strong/weak) genetic predisposition.

A

strong

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19
Q

Polyphagia, glycosuria, polyuria, and polydipsia are all symptoms of .

A

uncontrolled diabetes mellitus

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20
Q

Patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 have (high/low) insulin sensitivity.

A

low

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21
Q

The primary defect in diabetes mellitus type 1 is autoimmune destruction of the ________ of the pancreas.

A

beta-cells

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22
Q

The most common initial manifestation of type 1 diabetes mellitus is elevated blood glucose (with/without) ketonemia.

A

with

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23
Q

Blood sugar levels in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis are usually (higher/lower) than that of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state.

A

lower

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24
Q

Cells that produce glucagon and insulin are located in the cluster of cells called the in the pancreas.

A

Islet of Langerhans

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25
Q

Type 2 diabetes is associated with (high/low) serum insulin.

A

high

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26
Q

_______ is the biochemical pathway that is initially upregulated in
diabetic ketoacidosis
causing the increase in ketones.

A

Lipolysis

27
Q

Insulin sensitivity is (high/low) in diabetes mellitus type 1.

A

high

28
Q

The treatment regimen for type 2 diabetes mellitus should be adjusted to keep the fasting blood sugar below _____ mg/dl.

A

130

29
Q

__________ is a severe life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus characterized by severe hyperglycemia and accelerated ketogenesis.

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis

30
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis causes a(n) (increase/decrease) ________ in epinephrine production.

A

increase

31
Q

Diabetes mellitus type (1/2) is caused by a type IV hypersensitivity reaction.

A

1

32
Q

The primary defect of diabetes mellitus type 2 is increased insulin (resistance/deficiency) .

A

resistance

33
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis occurs more often in diabetes mellitus type (1/2) .

A

1

34
Q

Volume repletion in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis is achieved using (isotonic/hypotonic/hypertonic) saline.

A

isotonic

35
Q

is the best initial pharmacologic therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus.

A

Metformin

36
Q

Patients with diabetic ketoacidosis may have (prerenal/intrarenal/postrenal) azotemia due to volume depletion caused by osmotic diuresis.

A

prerenal

37
Q

Intravenous bicarbonate should be given if the blood pH is lower than .

A

6.9

38
Q

The age for patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 usually is (more/less) than 40 years.

A

more

39
Q

is the most common non-inherited risk factor for developing diabetes mellitus type 2.

A

Obesity

40
Q

Diabetes mellitus type 1 (is/is not) associated with obesity.

A

is not

41
Q

in the pancreas produce insulin.

A

Beta cells

42
Q

is described as deep, labored breathing commonly associated with diabetic ketoacidosis.

A

Kussmaul breathing

43
Q

Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase and islet cell cytoplasmic antibodies are associated with diabetes mellitus type (1/2) .

A

1

44
Q

Insulin deficiency is (mild to moderate/severe) in diabetes mellitus type 1.

A

severe

45
Q

Diabetes mellitus type 1 has a relatively (strong/weak) genetic predisposition.

A

weak

46
Q

When starting the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis, insulin bolus (is/is not) recommended before confirming the serum potassium is ≥3.3mEq/L.

A

is not

47
Q

Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus have (high/low) levels of serum c-peptide.

A

low

48
Q

Diabetes mellitus type 1 has association with and HLA-DR4.

A

HLA-DR3

49
Q

breathing presents as rapid, deep breathing and is seen in diabetic ketoacidosis.

A

Kussmaul

50
Q

In diabetic ketoacidosis, total body stores of potassium are (high/low) .

A

low

51
Q

In type 2 diabetes mellitus, ________ causes the pancreas to increase insulin production.

A

insulin resistance

52
Q

The blood glucose level of patients with diabetic ketoacidosis is usually above mg/dl.

A

250

53
Q

The beta-cell in the pancreatic islets of a patient with diabetes mellitus type 2 have deposits.

A

amyloid

54
Q

Diabetes mellitus type 2 (is/is not) ___associated with the human leukocyte antigen system.

A

is not

55
Q

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is caused by type (III/IV) hypersensitivity.

A

IV

56
Q

In diabetic ketoacidosis, serum sodium is falsely (high/low) due to the osmotic load of glucose.

A

low

57
Q

Histology shows islet leukocytic infiltrate in diabetes mellitus type (1/2) _______ .

A

1

58
Q

Serum insulin level is low in diabetes mellitus type (1/2) .

A

1

59
Q

The total K+ level during diabetic ketoacidosis is (increased/decreased) while the serum level might be increased.

A

decreased

60
Q

_______ is a compound that gives patients with diabetic ketoacidosis a fruity odor to their breath.

A

Acetone

61
Q

Diabetes mellitus type (1/2) is primarily associated with hyperosmolar non-ketotic hyperglycemia.

A

2

62
Q

In type 1 diabetes mellitus, excessive lipolysis can lead to an uncontrolled increase ketone bodies which cause .

A

diabetic ketoacidosis

63
Q

Which of the following best characterizes the differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus?

A. Type 1 diabetes typically presents in late adulthood, whereas type 2 diabetes almost always occurs in children 5–15 years old.
B. Type 1 diabetes is an insulin deficiency due to beta-cell destruction, whereas type II diabetes is an acquired insulin resistance.
C. Type 1 diabetes is an acquired insulin resistance, whereas type 2 diabetes is an insulin deficiency due to beta-cell destruction.
D. Patients with type 1 diabetes almost always present in DKA, whereas patients with type 2 diabetes often present in hypoglycemic comas.
E. Type 1 diabetes develops from the sequelae of metabolic syndrome, whereas type 2 diabetes is almost always an autoimmune condition.

A

B.

64
Q

Which autoantibody is likely the best test to identify immune-related type 1 diabetes mellitus?
IGF-1
GAD65
IA-2
ICA
ANA

A

GAD65

65
Q

Name two hormones produced by enteroendocrine distal ileal cells that regulate appetite.

A

Oxyntomodulin, GLP-1, peptide YY

Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 & 2 (2 decks)

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