Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards
diabetes mellitus (type one) is a ___________ disease, characterized by __________ and ____________, requiring ___________
autoimmune disease
insulin depletion (not enough–NONE)
low blood sugars
insulin replacement
diabetes mellitus (type two) is a ______________ disease, characterized by ___________ and
____________, requiring __________ ______________
chronic
insulin resistance
high blood sugar
pharmacologic support
which complication is NOT one associated with diabetes?
neuropathy
retinopathy
cardiovascular
atelectasis
atelectasis
which sx/sx can lead to a diagnosis of diabetes?
HGB 0.9
A1C greater than 6.5%
FPG > 126 mg/dL
Sodium 3.6
OGTT > 200 mg/dL
RPG > 200 mg/dL
HCT 36%
A1C, FPG, OGTT, and RPG
is one test for diabetes definitive?
No, you must do a second test to confirm
what IS included in the treatment for type one diabetes?
injectable non insulin medications
insulin
oral pharmacological agents
meal planning
eating donuts
exercise
education
insulin, meal planning, exercise, education
what is included in the treatment for type two diabetes?
insulin
eating pizza
injectable non insulin medications
oral pharmacological agents
watching TV
meal planning
exercise
education
insulin, injectable non insulin medications, oral pharmacological agents, meal planning, exercise, education
how can you deliver insulin
vial/syringe, pen and pump
Diabetic emergencies: hypo and hyperglycemia
hypoglycemia: blood glucose level below 70.
hyperglycemia: blood glucose level above target range (general hospital range=140-180)
Hyperglycemia: onset, causes, sx/sx, tx
DANGER
onset: usually slower, but more rapid with pump failure or malfunction, illness or infection
causes: pump failure, late, missed, or too little insulin, food intake exceeds insulin coverage, decreased physical activity, expired or improperly stored insulin etc.
sx/sx: can mimic flu symptoms
DANGER: can lead to DKA if not treated in time
Tx: lower blood glucose to target range, verify with check, check ketones, administer insulin and fluids, recheck blood glucose.
hypoglycemia: onset, causes, sx/sx
DANGER
onset: sudden, must be treated immediately,
causes: too much insulin, too little food or delayed meal/snack, extra/unanticipated physical activity, illness, medications, stress
sx/sx: MILD: hunger, shakiness, sleepiness, changed behavior, sweating, dilated pupils, anxiety, paleness, blurry vision
sx/sx: SEVERE: yawning, irritability/frustration, confusion, restlessness, dazed appearance, seizures, unconsciousness
DANGER: can lead to unconsciousness, brain damage and death if not treated in a timely manner
hypoglycemia treatment: can swallow, rule of 15
“rule of 15”: if the person can swallow safely, give 15 g of carbs and check BG a second time. If BG still is less than 70 give another dose of 15 g of carbs and check again.
if still 70 after treating twice, call 911 or HCP while continuing to treat until help arrives.
if at 70 or above make sure they eat something with carbs, protein and fats to sustain the level.
hypoglycemia treatment: cannot swallow
give glucagon (subq or IM) or IV dextrose
injection at 90 degrees into thigh, butt or arms, clean site if possible (not a huge priority though)
if giving Baqsimi (nasal powder), roll the person onto their left side after administration.
what are examples of 15 g carbs
4 ounces of juice,
15 raisins,
3-4 glucose tablets,
8 ounces of milk
