Diabetes Meds

Question 1

Rapid acting Insulins (peak ~1hr)

Answer 1

-Insulin lispro (Humalog)
-Insulin aspart (Novolog)
-Insulin glulisine (Apidra)

Question 2

Short-acting Insulins (peak 2–4 hours)

Answer 2

Regular insulin (Humulin R, Novolin R)

Prompt insulin zinc (Semilente)

Question 3

Intermediate-acting insulins (peak 4–10 hours)

Answer 3

-Isophane insulin;
Neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) (Humulin N, Novolin N)

-Insulin zinc (Lente)

Question 4

Long-acting insulins (duration 24 hours, often without peak)

Answer 4

-Extended insulin zinc insulin (Ultralente)
-Insulin glargine (Lantus)
-Insulin detemir (Levemir)
-Insulin degludec (Tresiba)

Question 5

Metformin

Answer 5

Biguanides (sensitizer)

Acts on the liver to reduce gluconeogenesis and causes a decrease in insulin resistance via increasing AMPK signalling.

Question 6

-GLITAZONE

Answer 6

Thiazolidinediones (sensitizer)

Reduce insulin resistance by activating PPAR-γ in fat and muscle

Only 2 available in U.S.:
-Pioglitazone
-Rosiglitazone

Question 7

-RIDE

-ZIDE

Answer 7

Sulfonylureas (secretagogue)

Stimulating insulin release by pancreatic beta cells by inhibiting the KATP channel

HIGH RISK HYPOGLYCEMIA
-Gyburide
-Glimepiride
-Glipizide

Question 8

-GLINIDE

Answer 8

Meglitinides (secretagogue)

HIGH RISK HYPOGLYCEMIA
-Repaglinide
-Nateglinide
-Mitiglinide.

Question 9

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

Answer 9

Inhibit carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine by inhibiting enzymes that break down polysaccharides (Type 2)

Only 2 available in U.S.:
-Acarbose (Precose)
-Miglitol (Glyset)

Question 10

-ATIDE

-GLUTIDE

-GLIPTIN

Answer 10

Incretin mimetics

GLP-1 receptors in the pancreas are activated, which leads to enhanced insulin release and reduced glucagon release-responses that are both glucose-dependent-with a consequent low risk for hypoglycemia

tirzepatide
exenatide
liraglutide
sitagliptin
saxagliptin
(Ozempic) semaglutide

Question 11

Oral -GLIPTIN

Answer 11

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors

DPP-4 inhibitors increase the levels of GLP-1 and GIP, which in turn increase beta-cell insulin secretion in the pancreas, thereby reducing postprandial and fasting hyperglycemia

sitagliptin
saxagliptin
linagliptin
alogliptin

Question 12

-GLIFLOZIN

Answer 12

SGLT2 inhibitors

Block the sodium-glucose linked transporter 2 proteins in renal tubules of nephrons in kidneys, reabsorption of glucose in into the renal tubules, promoting excretion of glucose in the urine

-Dapagliflozin
-Canagliflozin