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TBL 1 > Diabetes Medications > Flashcards

Diabetes Medications Flashcards

1
Q

What are the classes of drugs that lower blood glucose?

A
  1. Sulfonylureas
  2. Biguanides
  3. Meglitinides
  4. Thiazolidinediones
  5. DPP-4 inhibitors
  6. SGLT2 inhibitors
  7. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
  8. Bile acid sequestrants
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2
Q

What are sulfonylureas?

A

Blood sugar medication

They stimulate the beta cells of the pancreas to release more insulin

All sulfonylurea drugs have the same effect on blood glucose levels but they differ in side effects, how often they are taken, and interactions with other drugs

Chlorpropamide = diabinese is the only first generation sulfonylurea still in use today

Second generation sulfonylureas are used in smaller doses than first generation drugs. Usually taken 1/2 times a day before meals:

  1. Glipizide
  2. Glyburide
  3. Glimepiride
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3
Q

What is the only first generation sulfonylurea still in use today?

A

Chlorpropamide = diabinese

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4
Q

What are the second generation sulfonylureas?

A
  1. Glipizide = Glucotrol and glucotrol XL
  2. Glyburide =Glynase, and diabeta
  3. Glimepiride = amaryl

Taken 1/2 times a day before meals

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5
Q

What are biguanides?

A

Lower blood glucose levels primarily by decreasing the amount of glucose produced by the liver

Ex. Metformin (glucophage)

  • helps to lower blood glucose by making muscle tissues more sensitive to insulin so glucose can be absorbed
  • 2x daily
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6
Q

What is metformin?

A

A biguanide

Helps to lower blood glucose levels by making muscle tissue more sensitive to insulin so glucose can be absorbed

2x daily

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7
Q

What are meglitinides?

A

Stimulate beta cells to release insulin

Ex. Repaglinide (prandin) and nateglinide (starlix)

Taken before each of three meals

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8
Q

What’s a possible side effect of sulfonylureas and meglitinides?

A

They stimulate the release of insulin so it’s possible to have hypoglycemia

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9
Q

Which medications are meglitinides?

A
  1. Repaglinide = prandin

2. Nateglinide = starlix

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10
Q

What are thiazolidinediones?

A
  1. Help insulin work better in the muscle and fat
  2. Reduces glucose production in the liver

Ex. Rosiglitazone (avandia) and pioglitazone (ACTOS)

  • both increase risk for heart failure
  • reduce A1C
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11
Q

Which drugs are thiazolidinediones?

A
  1. Rosiglitazones = avandia
  2. Pioglitazone = ACTOS

Increase the risk for heart failure
Reduce A1C

Trioglitazone = rezulin was the first drug of this type but is discontinued because it caused serious liver problems

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12
Q

What are DPP-4 inhibitors?

A

Help improve A1C without causing hypoglycemia

Prevent the breakdown of GLP-1; GLP1 reduces blood glucose levels in the body

GLP1 is broken down very quickly so it doesn’t work well when injected as a drug itself

By interfering in the process that breaks down GLP1, DPP-4 inhibitors allow it to remain active in the body longer which lowers blood glucose levels ONLY when they are elevated

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13
Q

What medications are DPP-4 inhibitors?

A
  • sitagliptin = Januvia
  • saxagliptin = onglyza
  • linagliptin = tradjenta
  • alogliptin = nesina
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14
Q

What are SGLT2 inhibitors?

A

Glucose in the blood passes through the kidneys where it can either be excreted or reabsorbed - SGLT2 works in the kidney to reabsorb glucose

SGLT2 inhibitors block this action so SGLT2 doesn’t reabsorb glucose so excess glucose can be eliminated in the urine

Side effects of SGLT2 inhibitors are UTIs and yeast infections because of increased glucose in the urine

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15
Q

Which medications of SGLT2 inhibitors?

A
  • canagliflozin = invokana
  • dapagliflozin = Farxiga

Treat type II diabetes

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16
Q

What are alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?

A

Help the body lower blood glucose by blocking the breakdown of starches in the intestine (bread, potatoes, pasta)

They also slow the breakdown of some sugars like table sugar

They slow the rise in blood glucose levels after a meal

17
Q

Which medications are alpha-glucosidase inhibitors?

A

Acarbose = precisé

Miglitol = Glyset

18
Q

What are bile acid sequestrants?

A

BAS are cholesterol-lowering medications that also reduce blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes

They remove LDL cholesterol from the body by binding with bile acids in the digestive system - the body then uses cholesterol to replace the bile acids which lowers cholesterol levels

BAS aren’t absorbed into the bloodstream

19
Q

Which medications are bile acid sequestrants?

A

Colesevelam = Welchol

20
Q

What is oral combination therapy?

A

All the kinds of meds can be used together

Can increase the risk of side effects

Switching from one pill to another isn’t as effective as adding a second type

TBL 1 (5 decks)

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