Diabetes lecture notes Flashcards
These are from the diabetes lecture notes that we print out
What hormones are secreted by the islets o langerhans?
Alpha cells secrete Glucagon
Beta cells secrete Insulin and Amylin
What does amylin do?
It is secreted along c insulin it compliments the effects of insulin in postprandial glucose control, n part by suppressing glucagon secretion
There is a constant supply of insulin released into the body throughout the day this is referred to as?
Basal(Background insulin)
When you eat what happens c insulin?
There is an early bolus of insulin about 10 minutes after eating. Followed by a progressively increasing phase of insulin release that lasts as long as an elevated glucose level is present.
In people without diabetes when is the peak post prandial glucose?
About 1 hour after the meal and usually doesnt exceed 140 mg/dl
What can change the post prandial glucose levels?
Can change as a result of activity, insulin sensitivity, gastric emptying rate, and meal composition
What actions does insulin take in the liver?
- storage of glycogen(glycogenesis)
- Inhibits the breakdown of glycogen into glucose
- increases protein and fat synthesis
- Inhibits tissue breakdown by:
- liver glycogenolysis
- conversion of fats to acids(ketogenesis)
- conversion of proteins to glucose (gluconeagenesis)
What action does insulin have in muscles?
Promotes protein and glycogen synthesis
What action does does insulin have on fat cells?
promotes triglyceride storage
What is the primary source of energy for CNS?
Glucose
What are excess glucose and fatty acids stored as in the liver and muscles?
Stored as glyogen
When glucose is unavailable, what does the body do to provide energy?
lipolysis, and proteolysis
When does the body use protein for energy?
Does not use protein in normal conditions. It will use protein when starvation is present.
When glucose levels fall insulin secretion stops and ________ a ounterregullatory hormone is released.
Gluagone
True or false
In a person with type 1 diabetis glucagon secretion in response to hypoglycemia is lost.
This is true
What action on the liver does glucgon have?
Causes the liver to release glucose. By stimulating the breakdown of glycogen (glycogenolysis) and stimulates glucose synthesis(glucogenesis)
What are 4 other counterregulatory hormones that increase glucose levels?
- Epinephrine
- Norepinephrine
- Growth hormone
- Cortisol
Diabetis is the leading risk factor for:
- CAD
- Stroke
- PVD
- Nueropathy
- lower extremity amputation
- ESRD
- Adult blindness
What is the main feature of all types of Diabetes?
Chronic hypergycemia relulting from:
- Insulin secretion
- Insulin action
- or both
What are the 4 stages of development of Type 1 Diabetes?
Stage 1: Genetic susceptibilty
stage 2: Environmental Factors(Viral infections, Stress)
Stage 3: Active autoimmunity: Destruction of beta cells, Islet cell antibodies are formed
Stage 4: Overt Diabetes Mellitus the need for exogenous insulin
What are 6 S&S of type 1 diabetes?
- Hyperglycemia, c failed glucose tests
- Polyuria
- Polydipsia(excessive thirst)
- Weight loss
- Occasional Polyphagia(excessive hunger)
- Visual difficulties
When does glucosuria generally occur?
when glucose levels are above 180mg/dL
What are S&S of type 2 diabetes?
- Develops more insidiously
- ↑ in blood glucose on routine MD visit
- Weakness and fatigue, rcurrent vag yeast infections, and skin infections tend to prompt type 2 diabetics to seek MD tx
4 Obese
What are 4 ways to diagnose DM?
- Acute symptoms of DM + random plasma glucose >200 mg/dL
- Fasting plasma glucose >126 mg/dL on 2 occasions
- 2-hour post glucose load>200 mg/dL during a OGTT)
- HgbA1c test
