Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Section 3 > Diabetes lecture notes > Flashcards

Diabetes lecture notes Flashcards

These are from the diabetes lecture notes that we print out

1
Q

What hormones are secreted by the islets o langerhans?

A

Alpha cells secrete Glucagon

Beta cells secrete Insulin and Amylin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does amylin do?

A

It is secreted along c insulin it compliments the effects of insulin in postprandial glucose control, n part by suppressing glucagon secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

There is a constant supply of insulin released into the body throughout the day this is referred to as?

A

Basal(Background insulin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When you eat what happens c insulin?

A

There is an early bolus of insulin about 10 minutes after eating. Followed by a progressively increasing phase of insulin release that lasts as long as an elevated glucose level is present.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In people without diabetes when is the peak post prandial glucose?

A

About 1 hour after the meal and usually doesnt exceed 140 mg/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What can change the post prandial glucose levels?

A

Can change as a result of activity, insulin sensitivity, gastric emptying rate, and meal composition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What actions does insulin take in the liver?

A
  1. storage of glycogen(glycogenesis)
  2. Inhibits the breakdown of glycogen into glucose
  3. increases protein and fat synthesis
  4. Inhibits tissue breakdown by:
    - liver glycogenolysis
    - conversion of fats to acids(ketogenesis)
    - conversion of proteins to glucose (gluconeagenesis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What action does insulin have in muscles?

A

Promotes protein and glycogen synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What action does does insulin have on fat cells?

A

promotes triglyceride storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the primary source of energy for CNS?

A

Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are excess glucose and fatty acids stored as in the liver and muscles?

A

Stored as glyogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When glucose is unavailable, what does the body do to provide energy?

A

lipolysis, and proteolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When does the body use protein for energy?

A

Does not use protein in normal conditions. It will use protein when starvation is present.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When glucose levels fall insulin secretion stops and ________ a ounterregullatory hormone is released.

A

Gluagone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

True or false

In a person with type 1 diabetis glucagon secretion in response to hypoglycemia is lost.

A

This is true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What action on the liver does glucgon have?

A

Causes the liver to release glucose. By stimulating the breakdown of glycogen (glycogenolysis) and stimulates glucose synthesis(glucogenesis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are 4 other counterregulatory hormones that increase glucose levels?

A
  1. Epinephrine
  2. Norepinephrine
  3. Growth hormone
  4. Cortisol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Diabetis is the leading risk factor for:

A
  1. CAD
  2. Stroke
  3. PVD
  4. Nueropathy
  5. lower extremity amputation
  6. ESRD
  7. Adult blindness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the main feature of all types of Diabetes?

A

Chronic hypergycemia relulting from:

  1. Insulin secretion
  2. Insulin action
  3. or both
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the 4 stages of development of Type 1 Diabetes?

A

Stage 1: Genetic susceptibilty
stage 2: Environmental Factors(Viral infections, Stress)
Stage 3: Active autoimmunity: Destruction of beta cells, Islet cell antibodies are formed
Stage 4: Overt Diabetes Mellitus the need for exogenous insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are 6 S&S of type 1 diabetes?

A
  1. Hyperglycemia, c failed glucose tests
  2. Polyuria
  3. Polydipsia(excessive thirst)
  4. Weight loss
  5. Occasional Polyphagia(excessive hunger)
  6. Visual difficulties
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When does glucosuria generally occur?

A

when glucose levels are above 180mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are S&S of type 2 diabetes?

A
  1. Develops more insidiously
  2. ↑ in blood glucose on routine MD visit
  3. Weakness and fatigue, rcurrent vag yeast infections, and skin infections tend to prompt type 2 diabetics to seek MD tx
    4 Obese
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are 4 ways to diagnose DM?

A
  1. Acute symptoms of DM + random plasma glucose >200 mg/dL
  2. Fasting plasma glucose >126 mg/dL on 2 occasions
  3. 2-hour post glucose load>200 mg/dL during a OGTT)
  4. HgbA1c test
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How is the fasting plasma glucose test done?

A

Measures glucose levels after no caloric intake for at least 8 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How is Oral gluose tolerance test done?

A

OGTT is done by testing the pt’s response to a given amt of concetrated glucose at selected intervals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Hot and dry=

A

sugar high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

cold and clammy=

A

give me candy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are some S&S of Diabetic ketoacidosis?

A
  1. Breath is fruity
  2. Kussmaul respirations
  3. thirsty, dehydration
  4. hypotension
  5. Acidosis
  6. ↑ blood sugar
  7. HyperK
  8. Polyuria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does a person in DKA need?

A

“Hi……E”

Hydration, Insulin, Electrolyte replacement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the onset of DKA?

A

Over 4-10 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What effects does diabetes have on eyes?

A

The ↑ blood glucose and ↑ BP can damage tiny vessels in the eyes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Insulin resistance is linked to…..

A

increased plaque in the arteries, leading to less blood flow to brain, risk of heart disease

34
Q

Hypoglycemia makes you TIRED, what are the S&S?

A 
Tachycardia
Irritability
Restless
Excessive huger
Diaphoresis, Depression
35
Q

What are 4 lifestyle modifications that a pt can make to control Diabetes?

A
  1. Nutrition
  2. Exercise
  3. Pharmacologic therapy
  4. Monitoring
36
Q

How much of your daily diet should be carbohydrates?

A

45-65%

37
Q

How much of your diet should be proteins?

A

15-20%

38
Q

How much of your diet should be from polyunsaturated fats and from saturated fats?

A

<7% from saturated fats

39
Q

How many rams of fiber should be in your diet?

A

25-50g/d

40
Q

What is the food source that provides the bodies major source of energy? What sources are there?

A

Carbohydrates

  • Sugars: fruit and milk
  • Starches:Breads, grains, cereals
  • Fiber: does not supply calories the body does not digest
41
Q

What is the majoe predictor of postprandial blood glucose?

A

Carbohydrates

42
Q

What benefit does Fiber have on the body?

A

Improves CHO metabolism and lowers cholesterol. Intake of 25-50 g of dietary fiber is ideal

43
Q

What is used when CHO is not available to use for energy?

A

Fats are used as energy source in the form of free fatty acids

44
Q

What is protein necessary for?

A

growth and tissue maintenance

45
Q

True or false

Protein is used as energy source under normal circumstances.

A

False. It is only used for energy during starvation

46
Q

What is the recommended intake of sodium?

A

3000 mg/day or less

47
Q

What is the sodium intake for a HTN pt?

A

No more than 2400 mg/day (1tsp salt= 2260 mg Sodium)

48
Q

What is the rule of thumb to counting calories?

A

10 calories per day for every pound

49
Q

Why can pt’s maintain a good control of their glucose by matching insulin doses to CHO intake?

A

Because very little of fats are converted into glucose, some protein eaten is converted into glucose but slowly. 90% of CHO is converted into glucose within 1-1.5 hours

50
Q

What is the idea of CHO counting?

A

It is matching the insulin dose to CHO intake

51
Q

How does a pt identify ther Insulin/CHO Ratio?

A

They figure out the number of units of insuin they need to cover the amount of CHO consumed.
*If 2hr postprandial glucose is 180 or less the pt is using the correct insulin/CHO ratio

52
Q

Most pt with type 1 diabetes require ___ unit of insulin for every ___ to ____ grams of CHO.

A

The general rule is 1 unit for every 10-15 grams of CHO

53
Q

How long does it take for a pt to determine the Insulin/CHO Ratio that works best for them?

A

a few months usually

54
Q

What are the 2 types of glucose lowering agents?

A

Oral antidiabetic agents and insulin

55
Q

Why cant insulin be given orally?

A

because it is broken down by the digestive processes before it is absorbed int the blood stream

56
Q

what type of diabetic takes oral antidiabetic agents?

A

Type 2 that produce insulin

57
Q

how to oral diabetic agents work?

A

They, stimulate insulin production, decrease resistance to insulin at the cell, or delay absorption of CHO

58
Q

After 3 years of therapy ___% of pts need to take more than 1 oral agent.

A

50%

59
Q

What area has the most rapid absorption of insulin?

A

The abd, followed by the upper arm, and the slowest is the thighs and buttocks

60
Q

What is the premeal target blood glucose?

A

70-110

61
Q

What are ketones in urine a sign of?

A

That the body is metabolizing fats for fuels

62
Q

Why do type 2 DM pts rarely produce ketones?

A

because they still produce some insulin

63
Q

What are 3 things you look at when urine testing?

A
  1. Glucose
  2. ketones
  3. Albumin
64
Q

What s sick day management of DM?

A
  • Adequate hydration 8oz/hr no caffeine
  • FSBS q4h
  • continue to take insulin or oral agents
  • eat 150-200grams/dof CHO toprevent starvation ketosis
  • rest and treat symptoms
65
Q

Hot and dry?

A

Sugar high

66
Q

Cold and clammy?

A

give me candy

67
Q

What is the onset of hypoglycemia?

A

1-3hrs

68
Q

What is the normal body’s response to a drop n blood sugar?

A

responds c a surge of epinephrine to stimulate the liver to produce and release glucose

69
Q

What does epinephrine help warn the body of?

A

generates a warning adrenergic effects(tachycardia, shakiness, and extreme hunger)

70
Q

Pts with hypoglycemia unawareness have a reduced _______ sensitivity due to either autonomic _______ or the use of ____________.

A

They have a reduced andrenergic sensitivity due to either autonoic neuropathy or the use beta blocking antihypertensive agents

71
Q

How do you treat the conscious pt c hypoglycemia?

A

Always test the FSBS to ensure that symptoms are sugar related. If unable to test treat for low sugar. Also treat with the rule of 15

72
Q

What is the rule of 15?

A

Administer 15 g of simple CHO

  • 1/2 c fruit
  • 2tbs raisins
  • 1 c skim milk
  • 6 lifesavers
73
Q

What do you use to treat hypoglycemia on the unconscious pt without IV access?

A

Glucagon

74
Q

What are two hypoglycemic emergency?

A

DKA and Hyperglycmic hyperosmolar state (HHS)

75
Q

What are 4 major characteristics of DKA?

A
  1. Hyperglycemia > 300
  2. Ketosis
  3. Dehydration
  4. electrolyte imbalance
    (more type 1)
76
Q

What are 4 major characteristics of HHS?

A
  1. Sever hyperglycemia >800
  2. Absence of Ketosis
  3. profound dehydration
  4. CNS change from confusion to coma.
    (more type 2)
77
Q

sudden onset caused by inadequate Insulin and kussmal respiration what diabetic issue am I having?

A

DKA

78
Q

S&S are ketosis, fruity breath, and dehydration. My sugar is above 300, what am I having?

A

DKA

79
Q

I have an altered CNS, I have a poor fluid intake and this has been coming on gradually.My sugar last I checked was >600; What is wrong c me?

A

Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state

80
Q

HHS will have ketones in the urine. true or false?

A

False, DKA is spilling ketones due to the lack of insulin. So someone who is type 1

Section 3 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions