Diabetes in pregnancy Flashcards
What is Diabetes?
Diabetes is a disorder in which the blood sugar level is persistently raised above the normal range?
What is the abnormality caused by?
The abnormality is caused by an absolute or relative lack of insulin, secreted from the pancreatic B-cells
What are Beta-cells?
Beta cells are unique cells in the pancreas that produce, store and release the hormone insulin.
What is the classification for type 1 diabetes?
beta cell destruction / total insulin deficiency
What is the classification for type 2 diabetes?
insulin resistance + insulin deficiency
What is the classification for Gestational diabetes?
any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. ( Usually around 28 weeks )
Name three things that the NICE guidelines 2015 recommends for women diabetes?
inform mothers that establishing a good glycaemic control before conception to reduce the risk of complications.
Avoiding unplanned pregnancy, is essential in order for professionals to be prepared to provide better diabetes education.
Should be offered pre-conception care and advice
Name four maternal complications of pre-existing diabetes?
Hypoglycaemia unawareness Ketoacidosis Deterioration in retinopathy Deterioration in nephropathy Pre eclampsia Miscarriage Increased caesarean rate Polyhydramnious Shoulder dystocia
Name four fetal complications of pre-existing diabetes?
Congenital abnormalities Macrosomia Late stillbirth Increased neonatal and perinatal mortality Neonatal hypoglycaemia Jaundice
Name four types should be screened for gestational diabetes?
BMI > 30kg/m2
Previous baby>4.5kg
Previous gestational diabetes
PCOS (Polycystic ovarian syndrome)
Why is identifying Diabetes during pregnancy?
babies are 5 times as likely to be stillborn
3 times as likely to die in the first month of life
Twice as likely to have a major congenital abnormality
5 times as likely to deliver before 37 weeks
Twice as likely to be macrosomic
What are the complications for women with Gestational Diabetes?
As well as the complications that are usually accompanied by diabetes, gestional diabetes can lead to congential abnormalities .
50% of women risk developing type 2 diabetes within 5-10 years.
At what gestation will you screen for GTT and what steps would you take?
24-28weeks gestation.
give 75g Rapilose
Fast& 2hr blood test
If a woman had previous GTT what steps would you take?
GTT at booking
Repeat at 24-28 weeks if normal
What risk factors should be offered screening at the time the risk factor presents?
Macrosomia or polyhydramnious (fetal abdominal circumference or estimated fetal weight > 90th centile)
Glycosuria 2+ or more on dipstick testing on one occasion or 1+ on two occasions.
A GTT after 36 weeks has a high false positive rate. After 35+6 refer to the Diabetic ANC for blood sugar monitoring
What is considered as normal result in GTT screening?
7.7mmol/l or below
What is considered as gestational diabetes result in GTT screening?
5.6 or above fasting or 7.8 mmol/l or above two hours post 75gram glucose load
What is considered as potential type 2 diabetic pre-pregnancy, possibly type 1 result in GTT screening?
> 11.1 mmol/l
what are the glycaemic managements of all diabetes in pregnancy
Pre meal <5.3
1 hour post meal <7.8
HbA1C target should be below 48
What is HbA1c?
HbA1c means glycosylated haemoglobin
What is the HbA1c test?
A test that Shows the average blood glucose level over the past 2-3 months
How does glucose become HbA1c?
Glucose in the blood binds to the haemoglobin and becomes glycosylated, which is known as HbA1c
Name 3 other health professionals that will work with the midwife when discussing diabetes and GDM.
Obstetrician Diabetologist Diabetes Nurse Diabetes Midwife Dietician
Name 3 other ways management in regards to diabetes and GDM.
Blood sugar monitoring /HbA1C
USS for fetal growth and amniotic fluid volume
Every 4 weeks from 28-36 weeks gestation.
Dietary advice
Insulin if raised blood sugars
