Diabetes (Cram Set) Flashcards
Insulin?independent diabetes?
Resistance to insulin hormone
Insulin?dependent diabetes?
Destruction of beta cells in pancreas’ Islet of Langerhans
Describe the effects of insulin on glucose
DECREASES PLASMA GLUCOSE Increased uptake into cells via GluT4 transporter upregulation Promotes glycogen synthesis Inhibits glycogenolysis Promotes glycolysis Inhibits gluconeogenesis
Describe the effects of insulin on lipids
PROMOTES LIPID STORAGE
Increases lipogenesis
Decreases lipolysis
Promotes fatty acid/glycerol synthesis from glucose/ketoacids
Describe the effects of insulin on amino acids
PROMOTES PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Increases amino acid uptake Increases protein synthesis Decreases protein degradation Decreases gluconeogenesis
How much glucose is reabsorbed in a normal individual?
100% reabsorbed
Diabetes mellitus ? glucose exceeds transport maximum and appears in the urine, above renal threshold
? Na/glucose symporter driven by Na/K pump
Why are there limitations for using glycosuria as a diagnostic method for diabetes mellitus?
Levels of glucose in blood decrease in postabsorptive phase ?> levels of glucose no glucose in urine when dog is still diabetic
What is the major component of fibre in the diet?
Structural CHOs ? lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose
What does a low specific gravity suggest?
Inability of kidneys to concentrate urine
What would osmotic diuresis caused by diabetes do to the specific gravity of the urine?
Decrease specific gravity and osmolarity
Why may kidney failure be masked by diabetes?
Kidney not concentrating urine but raised levels of glucose and stuff increase specific gravity to look normal
When would you use a high?fibre diet to treat diabetes?
If dog not too far gone
Dog has to be a significant weight
Cats may not eat it
Enough protein for carnivores?
Why might blood urea be elevated in diabetic dog with ketoacidosis?
Lack of insulin ?> proteins and amino acids broken down ?> urea product
Also dehydration
Why might triglycerides be elevated?
Lack of insulin ?> triglycerides broken down and mobilised
More circulating FFAs ?> processed by liver
Consequence of under and overperfusion in diabetic animal given fluids?
Under ? dehydration
Over ? acute kidney damage
What are the 2 pancreatic ducts and where do they empty?
Greater pancreatic duct ? major duodenal papilla
Lesser pancreatic duct ? minor duodenal papilla
Liver enlarged in diabetics?
Hepatic lipidosis
Why is diabetes mellitus often seen with chronic pancreatitis?
Inflammation to pancreas may cause damage to beta cells and function of cells
Why is gas in the bladder common in diabetic dogs?
Glucose in bladder
Attracts bacterial growth
Bacterial respiration produces gases
Why might a partial pancreatectomy result in diabetes?
Removing some of pancreas may result in pancreatic inflammation ?> damage ?> diabetes
What results in the overswing or Somonji rebound effect in high doses of insulin?
Too much insulin at once ?> hypoglycaemia ?> body compensates by producing lots of glucagon ?> hyperglycaemia
Transplanting bovine pancreas into a human patient difficulties?
Tissue rejection How much to give ? may be overswing Would bovine enzymes work in the same way if at all zoonoses When to repeat
