Diabetes (Cram Set)

Question 1

Insulin?independent diabetes?

Answer 1

Resistance to insulin hormone

Question 2

Insulin?dependent diabetes?

Answer 2

Destruction of beta cells in pancreas’ Islet of Langerhans

Question 3

Describe the effects of insulin on glucose

Answer 3

DECREASES PLASMA GLUCOSE
Increased uptake into cells via GluT4 transporter upregulation
Promotes glycogen synthesis
Inhibits glycogenolysis
Promotes glycolysis
Inhibits gluconeogenesis

Question 4

Describe the effects of insulin on lipids

Answer 4

PROMOTES LIPID STORAGE
Increases lipogenesis
Decreases lipolysis
Promotes fatty acid/glycerol synthesis from glucose/ketoacids

Question 5

Describe the effects of insulin on amino acids

Answer 5

PROMOTES PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
Increases amino acid uptake
Increases protein synthesis
Decreases protein degradation
Decreases gluconeogenesis

Question 6

How much glucose is reabsorbed in a normal individual?

Answer 6

100% reabsorbed
Diabetes mellitus ? glucose exceeds transport maximum and appears in the urine, above renal threshold
? Na/glucose symporter driven by Na/K pump

Question 7

Why are there limitations for using glycosuria as a diagnostic method for diabetes mellitus?

Answer 7

Levels of glucose in blood decrease in postabsorptive phase ?> levels of glucose no glucose in urine when dog is still diabetic

Question 8

What is the major component of fibre in the diet?

Answer 8

Structural CHOs ? lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose

Question 9

What does a low specific gravity suggest?

Answer 9

Inability of kidneys to concentrate urine

Question 10

What would osmotic diuresis caused by diabetes do to the specific gravity of the urine?

Answer 10

Decrease specific gravity and osmolarity

Question 11

Why may kidney failure be masked by diabetes?

Answer 11

Kidney not concentrating urine but raised levels of glucose and stuff increase specific gravity to look normal

Question 12

When would you use a high?fibre diet to treat diabetes?

Answer 12

If dog not too far gone
Dog has to be a significant weight
Cats may not eat it
Enough protein for carnivores?

Question 13

Why might blood urea be elevated in diabetic dog with ketoacidosis?

Answer 13

Lack of insulin ?> proteins and amino acids broken down ?> urea product
Also dehydration

Question 14

Why might triglycerides be elevated?

Answer 14

Lack of insulin ?> triglycerides broken down and mobilised

More circulating FFAs ?> processed by liver

Question 15

Consequence of under and overperfusion in diabetic animal given fluids?

Answer 15

Under ? dehydration

Over ? acute kidney damage

Question 16

What are the 2 pancreatic ducts and where do they empty?

Answer 16

Greater pancreatic duct ? major duodenal papilla

Lesser pancreatic duct ? minor duodenal papilla

Question 17

Liver enlarged in diabetics?

Answer 17

Hepatic lipidosis

Question 18

Why is diabetes mellitus often seen with chronic pancreatitis?

Answer 18

Inflammation to pancreas may cause damage to beta cells and function of cells

Question 19

Why is gas in the bladder common in diabetic dogs?

Answer 19

Glucose in bladder
Attracts bacterial growth
Bacterial respiration produces gases

Question 20

Why might a partial pancreatectomy result in diabetes?

Answer 20

Removing some of pancreas may result in pancreatic inflammation ?> damage ?> diabetes

Question 21

What results in the overswing or Somonji rebound effect in high doses of insulin?

Answer 21

Too much insulin at once ?> hypoglycaemia ?> body compensates by producing lots of glucagon ?> hyperglycaemia

Question 22

Transplanting bovine pancreas into a human patient difficulties?

Answer 22

Tissue rejection
How much to give ? may be overswing
Would bovine enzymes work in the same way if at all
zoonoses
When to repeat