Diabetes (Applicable to both) Flashcards
How many people in the world have been diagnosed with diabetes?
International Diabetes Federation Atlas 10th Edition (2021)
537 million
1 in 10
How many deaths is diabetes responsible for worldwide?
International Diabetes Federation Atlas 10th Edition (2021)
6.7millions deaths
1 every 5 seconds
What is the projection of people living in diabetes looking like worldwide?
International Diabetes Federation Atlas 10th Edition (2021)
2030- 643 million
2045- 783 million
What population does diabetes predominantly effect?
International Diabetes Federation Atlas 10th Edition (2021)
Low and Middle Income C ountries
Over 3 in 4 adults
How costly is diabetes?
International Diabetes Federation Atlas 10th Edition (2021)
Causes at least 966 billion dollars in health expenditure
316% increase over the last 15 years
How many types of diabetes are?
3
Type 1
Type 2
Gestational
If beta cells stop producing insulin, what type of diabetes is it?
Type 1
What are the main complications of diabetes following diagnosis?
Deshpande et al. 2008
Skyler et al. 1996
Chronic Kidney disease (1)= nephropathy
Foot problems (22.9)= retinopathy
Eye damage (18.9)
Other complications:
- Heart attack
- Chest pain
- Coronary Heart Disease
- Congestive Heart failure
- Stroke
Why are your eye and foot affected with diabetes?
Your very small arteries (cells) are at higher risk of becoming effected because your glucose levels become to high
As a result, the cells start to die
Your feet and eyes consist of the smallest blood vessels
What does increased HbA1c lead to?
Deshpande et al. 2008
Skyler et al. 1996
Increased chance of retinopathy and nephropathy
Increases chance of foot and eye issues
What is HbA1c?
Blood sugar levels
Marker determines levels over the previous 3 months
How do we test for diabetes, glucose control and insulin sensitivity?
1) Blood glucose levels
2) HbAIc test= Haemoglobin A I c test
- Diagnostic measure for type 2
3) Oral glucose tolerance test (lesser version of glucose clamp)
4) Glucose clamp
5) C-Peptide Test
6) ELSA
What does blood glucose levels indicate?
Low sugar level= hypoglycaemia
Normal sugar level= normal level
High sugar level= hyperglycaemia
How do they test blood glucose levels?
Blood test
- venepuncture test (more common)
- finger prick test
How does blood glucose test diagnose diabetes in a fast state?
Diabetes= above 7
Pre-Diabetes= 5.6 to 7
Healthy= 3.9 to 5.5
How does blood glucose test diagnose diabetes in a post-prandial state?
Diabetes= above 11
Pre-diabetes= 9 to 10.9
Healthy= 3.9 to 8.9
What is the potential issue with HbAIc test?
The timing range could differ but will still lead to same average
Does not show variability
Makes it inappropriate for type 1 diabetes
What does a HbAIc test show?
How much glucose attaches to haemoglobin
Is high when glucose attaches more frequently
How long does HbAIc test measure blood glucose for?
3 months
Will not be influenced after ingestion acutely
How does HbAIc determine diabetes through scores?
Less than 42= metabolically healthy people
42-48= pre diabetes
Greater than 48= type 2 diabetes
Greater than 75= risk of DKA
What is the issue of a HbAIc test?
The timing range could differ but will still lead to same average
Does not show variability
Makes it inappropriate for type 1 diabetes
What is a healthy timing range for HbaIc test?
3.9 to 8.9
What is timing range?
The amount of time a person with diabetes spends in a target glucose (sugar) range
What are the 3 types of oral glucose tolerance test?
Wang et al. 2019
1) 2-Hour test= Adult
- 8-ounce solution with 75g of sugar
- Blood drawn before drinking and 2 hours after
2) 2-Hour test= Child
- 1.75g per kg body weight
- Blood drawn before drinking and 2 hours after
3) 3-hour test= Pregnancy
- 8-ounce solution with 100g of sugar
- Blood drawn before drinking and at 1,2 and 3 hours after
What type of diabetes is oral glucose tolerance test appropriate for?
Type 2 diabetes
What is the gold standard test for insulin sensitivity for research?
Wang et al. 2019
Glucose clamp
What is a C-peptide test?
Blood test
How does C-Peptide test diagnose the type of diabetes?
Low C-peptide
- <0.51 ng/ml
- With high blood glucose levels= Type 1 diabetes
Normal C-peptide
- 0.51-2.72ng/ml
High C-Peptide
- >2.72 ng/ml
- With high blood glucose levels= Type 2 diabetes
What is the relationship between C-Peptide levels and Insulin levels?
When insulin levels increases, so does C-Peptide
When insulin levels decreases, so does C-Peptide
C-Peptide is a transporter of insulin
How does the C-Peptide test determine type 1 diabetes?
Low C-Peptide (<0.51 ng/ml) and High blood glucose
How does the C-Peptide test determine type 2 diabetes?
High C-Peptide (>2.72 ng/ml) and High blood glucose
What is ELSA testing?
Antibody testing for children
Early diagnosis of Type 1 in Children
How does ELSA testing determine likelihood of developing type 1 diabetes?
By the number of antibodies positive
1 antibody= lower risk
2 antibody= high risk
3 antibody= higher risk
4 antibody= highest risk
