Diabetes (Applicable to both)

Question 1

How many people in the world have been diagnosed with diabetes?

International Diabetes Federation Atlas 10th Edition (2021)

Answer 1

537 million

1 in 10

Question 2

How many deaths is diabetes responsible for worldwide?

International Diabetes Federation Atlas 10th Edition (2021)

Answer 2

6.7millions deaths

1 every 5 seconds

Question 3

What is the projection of people living in diabetes looking like worldwide?

International Diabetes Federation Atlas 10th Edition (2021)

Answer 3

2030- 643 million

2045- 783 million

Question 4

What population does diabetes predominantly effect?

International Diabetes Federation Atlas 10th Edition (2021)

Answer 4

Low and Middle Income C ountries

Over 3 in 4 adults

Question 5

How costly is diabetes?

International Diabetes Federation Atlas 10th Edition (2021)

Answer 5

Causes at least 966 billion dollars in health expenditure

316% increase over the last 15 years

Question 6

How many types of diabetes are?

Answer 6

3

Type 1
Type 2
Gestational

Question 7

If beta cells stop producing insulin, what type of diabetes is it?

Answer 7

Type 1

Question 8

What are the main complications of diabetes following diagnosis?

Deshpande et al. 2008
Skyler et al. 1996

Answer 8

Chronic Kidney disease (1)= nephropathy

Foot problems (22.9)= retinopathy

Eye damage (18.9)

Other complications:
- Heart attack
- Chest pain
- Coronary Heart Disease
- Congestive Heart failure
- Stroke

Question 9

Why are your eye and foot affected with diabetes?

Answer 9

Your very small arteries (cells) are at higher risk of becoming effected because your glucose levels become to high

As a result, the cells start to die

Your feet and eyes consist of the smallest blood vessels

Question 10

What does increased HbA1c lead to?

Deshpande et al. 2008
Skyler et al. 1996

Answer 10

Increased chance of retinopathy and nephropathy

Increases chance of foot and eye issues

Question 11

What is HbA1c?

Answer 11

Blood sugar levels

Marker determines levels over the previous 3 months

Question 12

How do we test for diabetes, glucose control and insulin sensitivity?

Answer 12

1) Blood glucose levels

2) HbAIc test= Haemoglobin A I c test
- Diagnostic measure for type 2

3) Oral glucose tolerance test (lesser version of glucose clamp)

4) Glucose clamp

5) C-Peptide Test

6) ELSA

Question 13

What does blood glucose levels indicate?

Answer 13

Low sugar level= hypoglycaemia

Normal sugar level= normal level

High sugar level= hyperglycaemia

Question 14

How do they test blood glucose levels?

Answer 14

Blood test
- venepuncture test (more common)
- finger prick test

Question 15

How does blood glucose test diagnose diabetes in a fast state?

Answer 15

Diabetes= above 7

Pre-Diabetes= 5.6 to 7

Healthy= 3.9 to 5.5

Question 16

How does blood glucose test diagnose diabetes in a post-prandial state?

Answer 16

Diabetes= above 11

Pre-diabetes= 9 to 10.9

Healthy= 3.9 to 8.9

Question 17

What is the potential issue with HbAIc test?

Answer 17

The timing range could differ but will still lead to same average

Does not show variability

Makes it inappropriate for type 1 diabetes

Question 18

What does a HbAIc test show?

Answer 18

How much glucose attaches to haemoglobin

Is high when glucose attaches more frequently

Question 19

How long does HbAIc test measure blood glucose for?

Answer 19

3 months

Will not be influenced after ingestion acutely

Question 20

How does HbAIc determine diabetes through scores?

Answer 20

Less than 42= metabolically healthy people

42-48= pre diabetes

Greater than 48= type 2 diabetes

Greater than 75= risk of DKA

Question 21

What is the issue of a HbAIc test?

Answer 21

The timing range could differ but will still lead to same average

Does not show variability

Makes it inappropriate for type 1 diabetes

Question 22

What is a healthy timing range for HbaIc test?

Answer 22

3.9 to 8.9

Question 23

What is timing range?

Answer 23

The amount of time a person with diabetes spends in a target glucose (sugar) range

Question 24

What are the 3 types of oral glucose tolerance test?

Wang et al. 2019

Answer 24

1) 2-Hour test= Adult
- 8-ounce solution with 75g of sugar
- Blood drawn before drinking and 2 hours after

2) 2-Hour test= Child
- 1.75g per kg body weight
- Blood drawn before drinking and 2 hours after

3) 3-hour test= Pregnancy
- 8-ounce solution with 100g of sugar
- Blood drawn before drinking and at 1,2 and 3 hours after

Question 25

What type of diabetes is oral glucose tolerance test appropriate for?

Answer 25

Type 2 diabetes

Question 26

What is the gold standard test for insulin sensitivity for research?

Wang et al. 2019

Answer 26

Glucose clamp

Question 27

What is a C-peptide test?

Answer 27

Blood test

Question 28

How does C-Peptide test diagnose the type of diabetes?

Answer 28

Low C-peptide
- <0.51 ng/ml
- With high blood glucose levels= Type 1 diabetes

Normal C-peptide
- 0.51-2.72ng/ml

High C-Peptide
- >2.72 ng/ml
- With high blood glucose levels= Type 2 diabetes

Question 29

What is the relationship between C-Peptide levels and Insulin levels?

Answer 29

When insulin levels increases, so does C-Peptide

When insulin levels decreases, so does C-Peptide

C-Peptide is a transporter of insulin

Question 30

How does the C-Peptide test determine type 1 diabetes?

Answer 30

Low C-Peptide (<0.51 ng/ml) and High blood glucose

Question 31

How does the C-Peptide test determine type 2 diabetes?

Answer 31

High C-Peptide (>2.72 ng/ml) and High blood glucose

Question 32

What is ELSA testing?

Answer 32

Antibody testing for children

Early diagnosis of Type 1 in Children

Question 33

How does ELSA testing determine likelihood of developing type 1 diabetes?

Answer 33

By the number of antibodies positive

1 antibody= lower risk
2 antibody= high risk
3 antibody= higher risk
4 antibody= highest risk