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Biochem 4 > Diabetes and obesity > Flashcards

Diabetes and obesity Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the leading cause of adult blindness?

A

diabetes

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2
Q

diabetes is characterized by….

A

-elevation of fasting blood glucose caused by a relative or absolute deficiency of insulin

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3
Q

which type of diabetes is an EARLY and SUDDEN onset?

A

type 1 (insulin dependent)

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4
Q

which type of diabetes has a stronger genetic predisposition?

A

type 2(insulin independent)

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5
Q

what is the cause of type 1 diabetes?

A

beta cells in the pancreas are destroyed by the immune system

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6
Q

what are the 3 Ps of type 1 diabetes?

A
  • Polyuria: excessive urination
  • polydipsia: excessive thirsy
  • polyphagia: excessive hunger
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7
Q

which type of diabetes results in ketoacidosis?

A

type 1

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8
Q

because of the deficiency of insulin, type 1 diabetic bodies act as if they are in what kind of state?

A

starvation state!

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9
Q

what are the 3 things a lack of insulin can lead to in TYPE 1 diabetics?

A
  1. hyperglycemia
  2. ketoacidoses
  3. hyperlipidemia
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10
Q

why would type 1 lead to hyperglycemia?

A
  • liver thinks you are starving, so it keeps making glucose
  • insulin cannot signal to turn off GNG
  • insulin cannot signal adipose tissue and muscle to take up the glucose, so it stays in the bloodstream
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11
Q

why would type 1 lead to ketoacidosis?

A
  • adipocytes release fatty acids for energy because the think you are starving
  • now you have a shit ton of fatty acids and those are used to make ketone bodies when you have an excess
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12
Q

why would type 1 lead to hyperlipidemia?

A
  • you have a shit ton of fatty acids and they run out of things to do with them so they are used to make VLDL
  • lipoprotein lipase is not abundant to break them down, so the VLDLs just hang out in the bood stream
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13
Q

what is the treatment for type 1 diabetes?

A

exogenous insulin treatment

-standard or intensive

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14
Q

what is a side effect of intensive insulin therapy?

A

hypoglycemia

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15
Q

what 2 things are used to diagnose diabetes?

A

blood glucose levels and HbA1C

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16
Q

what is HbA1C, how is it used to diagnose diabetes?

A
  • hemoglobin A
  • looks at the long term effectivness of the control of blood sugar
  • high glucose=more glycosylated Hb meaning more HbA1C
17
Q

why is HbA1C used for long term measurment

A

-RBC live a long time so we can look over several months instead of just a daily reading of blood glucose levels

18
Q

why would hypoglycemia occur from intensive insulin treatment?

A
  • too much insulin, cells that produce glucagon are now screwed up
  • inhibits epinephrine secretion
19
Q

what is the most common type of diabetes? who is more likely to have it?

A
  • tye 2

- indians, mexicans, blacks

20
Q

what are the two conditions that combine to give you type 2?

A
  • insulin resistance

- dysfunctional beta cells

21
Q

what is insulin resistance? what is it not?

A
  • the decreased ability of target tissues to respond properly to normal (or elevated) circulating concentrations of insulin
  • IT IS NOT DIABETES
22
Q

what causes insulin resistance?

A
  • excess body fat
  • physical inactiviy
  • hormones
  • old age
  • lack of sleep
23
Q

what is wrong with the dysfunctional beta cells in type 2?

A

-well, they keep producing more and more insulin to try and keep up with the crazy amounts of glucose you put in your body and eventually they cant keep up

24
Q

what are the possible causes for beta cell deterioraion?

A
  • glucose and free FA toxicity

- genetics

25
Q

can a person with diabetes get back to normal levels even with treatment?

A

-nope. low, but never to normal

26
Q

what is gestational diabetes?

A
  • like type 2, but only when a woman is pregnant

- placenta and hormones are probably to blame

27
Q

what are some common effects of diabetes?

A
  • retinopathy
  • neuropathy
  • nephropathy
  • cataracts

Biochem 4 (4 decks)

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