Diabetes and obesity Flashcards
what is the leading cause of adult blindness?
diabetes
diabetes is characterized by….
-elevation of fasting blood glucose caused by a relative or absolute deficiency of insulin
which type of diabetes is an EARLY and SUDDEN onset?
type 1 (insulin dependent)
which type of diabetes has a stronger genetic predisposition?
type 2(insulin independent)
what is the cause of type 1 diabetes?
beta cells in the pancreas are destroyed by the immune system
what are the 3 Ps of type 1 diabetes?
- Polyuria: excessive urination
- polydipsia: excessive thirsy
- polyphagia: excessive hunger
which type of diabetes results in ketoacidosis?
type 1
because of the deficiency of insulin, type 1 diabetic bodies act as if they are in what kind of state?
starvation state!
what are the 3 things a lack of insulin can lead to in TYPE 1 diabetics?
- hyperglycemia
- ketoacidoses
- hyperlipidemia
why would type 1 lead to hyperglycemia?
- liver thinks you are starving, so it keeps making glucose
- insulin cannot signal to turn off GNG
- insulin cannot signal adipose tissue and muscle to take up the glucose, so it stays in the bloodstream
why would type 1 lead to ketoacidosis?
- adipocytes release fatty acids for energy because the think you are starving
- now you have a shit ton of fatty acids and those are used to make ketone bodies when you have an excess
why would type 1 lead to hyperlipidemia?
- you have a shit ton of fatty acids and they run out of things to do with them so they are used to make VLDL
- lipoprotein lipase is not abundant to break them down, so the VLDLs just hang out in the bood stream
what is the treatment for type 1 diabetes?
exogenous insulin treatment
-standard or intensive
what is a side effect of intensive insulin therapy?
hypoglycemia
what 2 things are used to diagnose diabetes?
blood glucose levels and HbA1C
what is HbA1C, how is it used to diagnose diabetes?
- hemoglobin A
- looks at the long term effectivness of the control of blood sugar
- high glucose=more glycosylated Hb meaning more HbA1C
why is HbA1C used for long term measurment
-RBC live a long time so we can look over several months instead of just a daily reading of blood glucose levels
why would hypoglycemia occur from intensive insulin treatment?
- too much insulin, cells that produce glucagon are now screwed up
- inhibits epinephrine secretion
what is the most common type of diabetes? who is more likely to have it?
- tye 2
- indians, mexicans, blacks
what are the two conditions that combine to give you type 2?
- insulin resistance
- dysfunctional beta cells
what is insulin resistance? what is it not?
- the decreased ability of target tissues to respond properly to normal (or elevated) circulating concentrations of insulin
- IT IS NOT DIABETES
what causes insulin resistance?
- excess body fat
- physical inactiviy
- hormones
- old age
- lack of sleep
what is wrong with the dysfunctional beta cells in type 2?
-well, they keep producing more and more insulin to try and keep up with the crazy amounts of glucose you put in your body and eventually they cant keep up
what are the possible causes for beta cell deterioraion?
- glucose and free FA toxicity
- genetics
