Diabetes Flashcards
levels for hyperglycemia in fasting state
> 100 mg/dL
levels for hyperglycemia in non-fasting state
> 140 m/dL
levels for severe hyperglycemia
> 180 mg/dL
levels for severe hypoglycemia
< 50 mg/dL
levels for hypoglycemia
< 70 mg/dL
Fasting blood glucose for prediabetes/IFG
fasting 100-126 mg/dL
BG indicative of diabetes
Fasting BG 126 mg/dL or greater on TWO SEPARATE occasions
random > 200 mg/dL with s/s of diabetes conclusive
A1C level for prediabetics
5.7 - 6.4%
A1C levels for diabetics
6.5% or greater
A1C recommended glucose control goal for diabetics (for reduced risk of complications)
less than or equal to 7.0%
antibody testing for T1D
glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)
C-peptide test (indirect measure of insulin levels) and fasting insulin levels may also be measured
lipid analysis for diabetes/insulin resistance
which lipids do they test? what are the levels?
HDL, LDL, triglycerides
triglycerides generally reflect glycemic control (if glucose high, trigl. prob are too)
lower HDL than normal
higher LDL than normal
what renal function tests are there for diabetes?
microalbuminuria (urine)
BUN and creatinine (blood)
explain the microalbuminuria test for diabetes
Early indication of renal disease associated w/ diabetes is microscopic protein loss in urine– measured by amount of albumin
> 300 mcg/dL is associated w/ renal damage and risk for development of ESRD
C-reactive protein test for diabetes
it is made by the body during stress/infection
often elevated w/ diabetes and associated w/ inflammatory process of insulin resistance and poses risk for CVD
annual screening tests for diabetics
renal function tests lipid tests dental exam foot exam dilated eye exam monitor BP thyroid function ECG
how often should diabetics monitor A1C?
at least twice per year
or every 3 mo. if not meeting glycemic targets
what do alpha cells do?
make and secrete the hormone glucagon
what do beta cells do?
make and secrete insulin
what is the thyroid important for in relation to diabetes?
important for metabolism which is very important in BG regulation
pts. w/ thyroid disorder most likely have problems w/ glucose regulation
explain cortisol
steroid hormone released by the adrenal gland (above the kidneys)
RAISES BG WHEN IT IS LOW
also considered an anti-inflammatory
diagnosis for prediabetes
A1C: 5.7-6.4%
IFG 100-126 mg/dL on TWO or more occasions
GTT: 140-199 mg/dL (2 hour)
metabolic syndrome criteria
3 or more:
1) obesity
2) hypertension
3) abnormal lipid levels
4) high BG
obesity criteria for MS
men: waist 40 in or more
women: waist 35 in or more
abnormal lipids criteria
-triglycerides 150 or more
(>110 for adolescents is risk)
OR
-being on med for cholesterol
HDL: - women: <50 - men: < 40 OR being on a med to control these
high BP criteria:
130/85 or higher
OR
being on HTN med
(only one # systolic or diastolic has to be high)
high fasting BS criteria:
- 100-125 mg/dL fasting
OR - being on a med to control
