Diabetes

Question 1

levels for hyperglycemia in fasting state

Answer 1

> 100 mg/dL

Question 2

levels for hyperglycemia in non-fasting state

Answer 2

> 140 m/dL

Question 3

levels for severe hyperglycemia

Answer 3

> 180 mg/dL

Question 4

levels for severe hypoglycemia

Answer 4

< 50 mg/dL

Question 5

levels for hypoglycemia

Answer 5

< 70 mg/dL

Question 6

Fasting blood glucose for prediabetes/IFG

Answer 6

fasting 100-126 mg/dL

Question 7

BG indicative of diabetes

Answer 7

Fasting BG 126 mg/dL or greater on TWO SEPARATE occasions

random > 200 mg/dL with s/s of diabetes conclusive

Question 8

A1C level for prediabetics

Answer 8

5.7 - 6.4%

Question 9

A1C levels for diabetics

Answer 9

6.5% or greater

Question 10

A1C recommended glucose control goal for diabetics (for reduced risk of complications)

Answer 10

less than or equal to 7.0%

Question 11

antibody testing for T1D

Answer 11

glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)

C-peptide test (indirect measure of insulin levels) and fasting insulin levels may also be measured

Question 12

lipid analysis for diabetes/insulin resistance

which lipids do they test? what are the levels?

Answer 12

HDL, LDL, triglycerides

triglycerides generally reflect glycemic control (if glucose high, trigl. prob are too)

lower HDL than normal

higher LDL than normal

Question 13

what renal function tests are there for diabetes?

Answer 13

microalbuminuria (urine)

BUN and creatinine (blood)

Question 14

explain the microalbuminuria test for diabetes

Answer 14

Early indication of renal disease associated w/ diabetes is microscopic protein loss in urine– measured by amount of albumin

> 300 mcg/dL is associated w/ renal damage and risk for development of ESRD

Question 15

C-reactive protein test for diabetes

Answer 15

it is made by the body during stress/infection

often elevated w/ diabetes and associated w/ inflammatory process of insulin resistance and poses risk for CVD

Question 16

annual screening tests for diabetics

Answer 16

renal function tests 
lipid tests 
dental exam
foot exam
dilated eye exam
monitor BP 
thyroid function
ECG

Question 17

how often should diabetics monitor A1C?

Answer 17

at least twice per year

or every 3 mo. if not meeting glycemic targets

Question 18

what do alpha cells do?

Answer 18

make and secrete the hormone glucagon

Question 19

what do beta cells do?

Answer 19

make and secrete insulin

Question 20

what is the thyroid important for in relation to diabetes?

Answer 20

important for metabolism which is very important in BG regulation

pts. w/ thyroid disorder most likely have problems w/ glucose regulation

Question 21

explain cortisol

Answer 21

steroid hormone released by the adrenal gland (above the kidneys)

RAISES BG WHEN IT IS LOW

also considered an anti-inflammatory

Question 22

diagnosis for prediabetes

Answer 22

A1C: 5.7-6.4%
IFG 100-126 mg/dL on TWO or more occasions

GTT: 140-199 mg/dL (2 hour)

Question 23

metabolic syndrome criteria

Answer 23

3 or more:

1) obesity
2) hypertension
3) abnormal lipid levels
4) high BG

Question 24

obesity criteria for MS

Answer 24

men: waist 40 in or more
women: waist 35 in or more

Question 25

abnormal lipids criteria

Answer 25

-triglycerides 150 or more
(>110 for adolescents is risk)
OR
-being on med for cholesterol

HDL:
- women: <50
- men: < 40 
OR 
being on a med to control these

Question 26

high BP criteria:

Answer 26

130/85 or higher
OR
being on HTN med
(only one # systolic or diastolic has to be high)

Question 27

high fasting BS criteria:

Answer 27

• 100-125 mg/dL fasting
  OR
• being on a med to control