Diabetes Flashcards
1
Q
Define Diabetes mellitus
A
chronic abnormally high blood glucose levels
2
Q
what are the 5 types of DM?
A
-type 1
-type 2
-MODY
-LADA
-gestational
(-prediabetes)
3
Q
Define type 1 diabetes.
A
- chronic tendency to an abnormally high blood glucose due to decreased production of insulin
- this is due to an autoimmune destruction of beta islet cells in the pancreas
- presents in early life/early adulthood
- usually gen unwell +/- DKA
4
Q
Define type 2 diabetes.
A
- tendency to abnormally high blood glucose due to reduced sensitivity of cells to insulin therefore leading to a decreased uptake of glucose
- relative deficiency in insulin due to increased adipose tissue
- HbA1C >48mmol
5
Q
define prediabetes.
A
- not met requirements for T2DM diagnosis yet but at risk of developing it in the next few year
- monitor closely + lifestyle advice
- HbA1C 42-47
6
Q
define gestational diabetes.
A
increased blood glucose in pregnancy
may have consequences for mother and baby
7
Q
Define MODY
A
mature onset diabetes of the young
- T2DM onset less than 25 y.o.
- Autosomal dominant inheritance
8
Q
Define LADA
A
latent autoimmune diabetes in adults
older age onset of T1DM
9
Q
Typical features of T1DM?
A
- polyuria/nocturia
- polydipsia
- weight loss
- fatigue
- DKA
10
Q
Diagnostic criteria of T1DM?
A
> 7, >11, >48
fasting, random, average
with Sx need 1 value
w/o Sx need 2 values
11
Q
Tx principles for diabetes.
A
- manage blood glucose levels
- monitor for complications
- modify other risk factors
12
Q
What are the complications for DM?
A
micro:
- retinopathy
- nephropathy
- peripheral neuropathy
Macro:
- Stroke
- MI
- renal artery stenosis
- PVD
13
Q
MOA of metformin?
A
- increase insulin sensitivity
- decrease gluconeogenesis
14
Q
When is metformin contraindicated?
A
-eGFR <30
15
Q
Moa of :
- gliptins (DPP-4 inhibitors)
- sulfonylureas
- pioglitazone
- flozins (SGLT-2 inhibitors)
- tides (GLP-1 agonists)
A
- GLiptINs - inhibit GLucagon secretion
- sulfonyluREAS - stimulate pancREAS to secrete Insulin
- pioglitAzone - Apidogensis + fatty acid uptake
- flOzins (SGLT-2 inhibitors) - inhibits reabsOrption of glucose in the kidney
- tides (GLP-1 agonists) - inhibits glucagon production
