Diabetes

Question 1

What is normal blood glucose?

Answer 1

Fasting blood glucose 3.8-6

Question 2

What is pre diabetes?

Answer 2

Fasting blood glucose 6.1-6.9

Question 3

What blood glucose value is considered diabetes?

Answer 3

7 or greater

Question 4

How is the glucose tolerance test used to diagnose diabetes?

Answer 4

Patient drinks glucose drink with 75 grams carbs (3tbsp sugar = 15 gm carbs)

Pre-diabetes - 7.8-11 mmol/L (2 hours after drink)
Diabetes - greater than 11.1 (2 hours after drink)

Question 5

What is HgbA1C?

Answer 5

• blood test 2-3 month blood glucose
• can be tested at the lab any time of the day
• diabetes: greater than or equal to 6.5 percent

Question 6

What are the three types of diabetes?

Answer 6

Type 1
Type 2
Gestational

Question 7

What is type one diabetes?

Answer 7

• destruction of beta cells in the pancreas

- body can’t make insulin without beta cells

Question 8

What is type two diabetes?

Answer 8

• body not able to make enough insulin or body is resistant to insulin
• slow onset, silent, 50 percent have no symptoms

Question 9

What is gestational diabetes?

Answer 9

Diabetes that develops during pregnancy

Question 10

What are some symptoms of diabetes?

Answer 10

Thirst
Headaches
Tiredness 
Increase urination 
Blurred vision 
Unhealed sores

Question 11

What is the normal breakdown of glucose?

Answer 11

• We eat food
• Glucose is absorbed into the blood stream from the stomach
• Our body organs and muscles use the glucose for energy
• The pancreas responds right away secreting the appropriate amount of insulin to move the glucose from the blood stream into the body’s organs and muscles

Question 12

What is the breakdown of glucose in diabetes?

Answer 12

• food eaten
• glucose released into blood stream
• pancreas tries to respond and may not secrete enough insulin or body is resistant to insulin
• glucose remains in the blood stream and is slow to get to the body’s organs and muscles which results in no fuel, no energy, and other symptoms
• excess glucose spills into the patients urine

Question 13

What is the target blood glucose for a diabetic before meals?

Answer 13

4-7

Question 14

What is the target blood glucose monitoring 2 hours after meals?

Answer 14

5-10

Question 15

What is considered low blood glucose?

Answer 15

Less than 4

Question 16

What are some symptoms of low blood glucose?

Answer 16

• shaky
• nervous
• weak
• confused
• hungry
• sweaty
• numbness
• nausea
• dizziness
• fast heartbeat

Question 17

How do you treat blood glucose and how long after do you recheck?

Answer 17

15 gm glucose - 3/4 orange juice or regular pop, 6 lifesavers, 3 tsp sugar dissolved in water, glucose tablets

Retest after 15 minutes

Question 18

What is the target HgbA1C for someone with diabetes?

Answer 18

Less than 7 percent

7.1-8.5 percent of frail, elderly, or multiple co-morbidities

Question 19

What should a dinner plate look like for someone with diabetes?

Answer 19

Half vegetables
Quarter protein
Quarter carbs

Question 20

How do biguanide meds such as metformin work?

Answer 20

-decrease insulin resistance and amount of glucose released from liver (biguanides such as metformin)

Question 21

How do secretagogue meds such as diamicron work?

Answer 21

-encourage pancreas to secrete more insulin

Question 22

How do SGLT2 inhibitor such as invocana meds work?

Answer 22

-allows the kidneys to excrete glucose in the urine

Question 23

How do incretin enhancers (DPP4) such as Januvia work?

Answer 23

• Cause feeling of satiety
• Protect cells in pancreas that secrete insulin
• Encourages liver to stop secreting glucose

Question 24

How much exercise does the Canadian diabetes association recommend?

Answer 24

150 minutes of moderate to vigorous aerobic exercise weekly