Diabetes Flashcards
features of type 1
insulin dependent
autoimmune destruction of beta cells
features of type 2
non-insulin dependent
insulin resistance
defect in secretion
diagnosis
fasting glucose and glucose test
type 1 effects
hypoinsulinaemia (low insulin) hyperglycaemia hyperlipidaemia hyperketonaemia uncontrolled catabolism
insulin normal biochemical mechanisms
insulin causes: increased glucose uptake through GLUT4, increased FA uptake through LPL, decreased glycogenolysis (glycogen phosphorylase) and decreased FA metabolism (decreased HSL)
type 1 and polyuria
excess urine produced
saturation of glucose transporters in nephron, glucose into urine causing water to follow
diabetic ketoacidosis
ketone bodies are acids, overwhelm normal buffering system
kussmaul respiration
smell of acetone
excess FA breakdown from lack of insulin signalling
long term complications of type 1 uncontrolled
cardiovascular disease nephropathy retinopathy neuropathy amputation depression and dementia
type 1 treatment
insulin injections
subcutaneous insulin infusion = insulin pumps
islet transplantation
type 2 cause
peripheral tissues lose sensitivity to insulin
may be causes by adipokines, lipotoxicity, glucotoxicity
type 2 risk factors
obesity
genetics and ethnicity
age
social deprivation
type 2 treatment
lifestyle through diet and exercise
metformin = increase insulin sensitivity
sulphonylureas = increase insulin sensitivity
