diabetes Flashcards
what are the 3 broad classifications of diabetes mellitus?
- type 1
- type 2
- gestational
symptoms of diabetes mellitus?
- frequent urination with glycosuria
- increased thirst
- weight loss and hunger
what does the HbA1c test measure?
measures mean glucose control over the last 1-3 months
how does the glucose tolerance test work?
fasting blood glucose taken after ingesting 75g glucose
after 2 hours another reading is taken
who is the serum fructosamine test used for?
sickle-cell anaemia
- they have HbS instead of HbA
- measures serum glycated albumin
what is the normal HbA1c?
prediabetes?
diabetes?
<42 mmol/mol
42-47mmol/mol
>48 mmol/mol
diagnostic criteria for patient with diabetes symptoms?
random glucose conc. >11.1 mmol/L
OR
fasting plasma glucose conc. >7 mmol/L
diagnostic criteria for diabetes for patient without diabetes symptoms?
HbA1c >48 mmol/mol on 2 separate occasions AND random glucose conc. >11.1 mmol/L OR fasting plasma glucose conc. >7 mmol/L on 2 separate occasions
which antigens has diabetes mellitus been associated with?
HLA-DR3 and HLA-DR4
treatment of diabetes mellitus type 1?
insulin
what is the standard insulin preparation?
U100
- 100 units of insulin per 1ml of solution
side effects of therapeutic insulin?
weight gain
hypoglycaemia
what are the 2 main methods of delivering insulin?
- basal bolus insulin regiment
2. insulin pump therapy
how does the basal bolus insulin regiment work?
long-acting insulin twice a day (constant low level)
rapid-acting insulin before meals (insulin spike)
how does the insulin pump therapy method work?
continuous subcutaneous rapid-acting insulin
individual can control pump to provide a spike when needed
