Diabetes

Question 1

diabetes can be secondary to:

Answer 1

acromegaly (excess GH)
cushings
haemochromatosis
pancreatitis

Question 2

Biguanides e.g. metformin

Answer 2

improve insulin resitance

Question 3

sulphonylureas e.g gliclazide

Answer 3

stimulate beta cells to secrete insulin

Question 4

thiazolidinediones e.g. pioglitazone

Answer 4

work via the liver and muscle to help reduce insulin resistance

Question 5

DPP4 inhibitors e.g. sitagliptin

Answer 5

inhibit enzymatic breakdown of GLP-1 and enhance incretin effect (stimulates insulin secretion postprandially)

Question 6

SGLT-2 inhibitors e.g empaglaflozin

Answer 6

open channels in the kidneys to prevent glucose reabsorption

Question 7

GLP-1 analogues e.g. exenatidine

Answer 7

replacement of hormonal GLP-1 deficiency, increasing the effect of incretin

Question 8

Type-1 diabetes treatments

Answer 8

insulin of various release speeds, from rapid acting (e.g. novarapid) (after a meal) to long acting, that release over the whole day (e.g. lantus (glargine)

Question 9

DKA

Answer 9

low insulin, use of fatty acid metabolism and the production of ketones. happens in the presence of high blood sugar