Diabetes

Question 1

What is insulin?

Answer 1

A hormone secreted by beta cells, which are one of four types of cells in the islets of langerhans in the pancreas.

Question 2

What happens to insulin, when a person eats a meal?

Answer 2

it increases and moves glucose from the blood into muscle, liver and fat cells.

Question 3

What actions does insulin have?

Answer 3

• Transports and metabolizes glucose for energy
• Stimulates storage of glucose in the liver and muscle
• Signals the liver to stop the release of glucose
• Enhances storage of dietary fat in adipose tissue
• Accelerates transport of amino acids into cells
• Insuline also inhibits the breakdown of stored glucose, protein and fat

Question 4

What happens when blood glucose levels decrease?

Answer 4

Glucagon is released which stimulates the liver to release stored glucose

Question 5

What maintains a constant level of glucose in the blood?

Answer 5

Insulin and glucagon, by stimulating the release of glucose from the liver

Question 6

How is type 1 diabetes characterized?

Answer 6

destruction of the pancreatic beta cells, genetic susceptibility is a common underlying factor in the development (people do not inherit)

Question 7

What happens to glucose in patients with type 1 diabetes?

Answer 7

Glucose derived from food cannot be stored in the liver but instead remains in the bloodstream and contributes to postprandial (after meal) hyperglycemia

Question 8

What happens when excess glucose is excreted in the urine (glycosuria)?

Answer 8

It is accompanied by excessive loss of fluids and electrolytes, called osmotic diuresis.

Question 9

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Answer 9

occurs commonly in people with type 1 diabetes, results from a deficiency of insulin, highly acidic ketone bodies are formed and metabolic acidosis occurs.

Question 10

What are the three major metabolic derangements?

Answer 10

hyperglycemia, ketosis, and metabolic acidosis

Question 11

What is DKA commonly proceeded by?

Answer 11

polyuria, polydipsia, n/v, and fatigue; the breath has a fruity odor due to ketoacids

Question 12

Who typically gets diabetes type 2?

Answer 12

People who are older than 30 and obesity

Question 13

Describe the two main problems related to insulin in type 2 diabetics?

Answer 13

insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion

Question 14

Insulin resistance

Answer 14

a decreased tissue sensitivity to insulin, intracellular reactions are diminished (insulin and cell receptors) making insulin less effective at stimulating glucose uptake by the tissues and at regulating glucose release by the liver

Question 15

Why doesn’t DKA not occur in type 2 diabetics?

Answer 15

There is enough insulin present to prevent the breakdown of fat and the accompanying production of ketone bodies

Question 16

What can uncontrolled type 2 diabetes lead to?

Answer 16

hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome

Question 17

Is type 2 diabetes easily detectable? what are the signs?

Answer 17

Onset may go infected for many years s/sx are usually mild and may include fatigue, irritability, polyuria, polydipsia, poorly healing skin wounds, vaginal infections or blurred vision

Question 18

Explain gestational diabetes

Answer 18

glucose intolerance with onset during pregnancy, hyperglycemia develops during pregnancy because of the secretion of placental hormones, causing insulin resistance, screen high risk patients between 24-28 weeks gestational age.