Diabetes Flashcards
What is type 1 diabetes?
Insulin dependent or juvenile diabetes caused by an inability to produce sufficient insulin
What is type 2 diabetes?
Non insulin dependent diabetes caused by a reduced responsiveness to insulin.
When does type 1 diabetes develop?
Juvenile with quick onset
What is hyperglycaemia?
High blood glucose concentration above the norm
What is hypoglycaemia?
Low blood glucose concentration below the norm
What is Diabetes Mellitus?
A disease where hlood glucose levels cannot be controlled effectively.
What percentage of diabetics have type 1?
10%
What percentage of diabetics have type 2?
90%
What is the treatment for type 1?
Insulin injection
stem cell therapy
What is the treatment for type 2?
Change in lifestyle
Insulin injections
When does type 2 occur?
slow progressive disease. affecting people in adulthood
What is a cause of type 1?
genetics
autoimmune disease that destoys beta cells
What causes type 2?
lack of exercise
obesity
High carbohydrate/starch diet
What is faulty in type 1?
no beta cells to produce insulin
potassium ion channels doesn’t wotk
What is faulty in type 2?
Insulin receptors no longer respond to insulin being produced unsensitised
Why is it cheaper to produce GM insulin?
Bacteria is easier to raise than pigs
All cells will make insulin. In pigs it is only produced in pancreas.
Process of collecting pig insulin is expensive.
Why is there less chance of rejection to GM insulin?
Does not contain a foreign antigen
Why is GM insulin faster acting and more effective?
It is an exact copy of human insulin.
Can insert any gene.
Why are there less ethical reasons for the use of GM insulin?
Pigs don’t suffer/die
People have no objection to captivity of bacteria
Why is there less risk of infection from UK insulin?
No transplant
Not extracted from pigs which carry viruses.
Why is it likely that only type 1 diabetes could be treated using stem cells?
In type 2 diabetes all cells are affected. Not all cells can be replaced.
What are the potential benefits of stem cell treatment over insulin injections and transplantations?
- Self antigens mean less risk of rejection
- Stem cells are a cure. Not management like injections.
- No problem with donor availability
What are the risks of stem cell treatments for type 1 diabetes?
- Controlling the growth of cells can be hard.
- Can lead to tumors forming.
- Rejection can happen.
- Cells may differentiate into unwanted cells.
- Risk of infection.
Treatments for type 1 diabetes?
Insulin Injection
Stem cell treatment
Pancreas Transplant
