Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MS1 Exam Two > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

Type 1 DM

A

NO INSULIN

  • beta cells have stopped making insulin
  • onset
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Type 1 DM cause

A

autoimmune attack on beta cells

-body perceives beta cells as foreign and form antibodies against them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How long does it take for symptoms to show in Type 1 DM? Why do symptoms start?

A
  • long time to show up
  • show up when pancreas can no longer produce insulin
  • rapid onset of symptoms
  • show up at ER with ketoacidosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Classic symptoms of Type 1 DM

A
  • recent and sudden weight loss
  • polydipsia: patient becomes dry and dehydrated
  • polyuria: increase urine due to increased glucose in urine due to glucose being an osmotic force and pulling fluid out of bloodstream.
  • polyphagia: cells starve because cells require insulin to unlock them so glucose can come into cell for energy. No insulin means no glucose uptake and pt eats for more energy further increasing glucose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Illnesses and Type 1 DM diagnosis

A

patients under the impression that the illness (ex: flu) brings on type 1 DM, but actually the illness is causing acute stress pushing the patient into stress mode which increases the glucose.

Patient is unable to produce enough insulin to bring glucose down the normal like a normal patient and they are diagnosed with type 1 DM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Type 2 DM

A
  • combination of insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion
  • still makes insulin, just not enough or body doesn’t listen to it
  • 90% of PWD

–onset >35 yo

  • typically overweight
  • prevalence increases with age
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

ethnic and Type 2

A

Native Americans and Alaskan Natives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

ethnic and Type 1

A

non-hispanic AA
hispanics
Asian Americans
non-hispanic whites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Symptoms of Type 2

A

non-specific

  • takes a long time
  • tired
  • recurrent infections
  • prolonged wound healing
  • visual changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Powerful risk factor of Type 2 DM

A

obesity

-specifically abdominal/visceral fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Insulin resistance

A

associated with type 2

  1. body tissues don’t respond to insulin: insulin receptors either unresponsive or insufficient in number. Results in hyperglycemia. (cells won’t unlock when the insulin asks and glucose can’t get in)
  2. Liver won’t listen either: continues to release glucose even after meals
  3. Pancreas loses ability to produce insulin: beta cells fatigued from compensating, but continue to make it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Treatment for Type 1

A

-must have insulin to live

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Treatment for Type 2

A
  • insulin
  • oral medications
  • mealplanning
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Oral medications for Type 2

A
  1. increase sensitivity

2. tells pancreas to make more insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Type 2 mealplanning

A
  • emphasis on achieving glucose, lipid, blood pressure goals
  • calorie reduction
  • carb counting
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Exercise and diabetes

A

-improves sensitivity to insulin

17
Q

Rule of 15’s

A
  • 70 continue to next meal or test again in 45-60 minutes
18
Q

Relationship with illness and hyperglycemia

A
  • Stress to body increases BS

- Lack of insulin because they do not take their insulin because they aren’t eating due to not feeling well

19
Q

Diabetic ketoacidosis

A
  • untreated Type 1 DM
  • continues to insulin deficit which causes fat stores to break down
  • results in hyperglycemia and mobilization of fatty acids with a subsequent ketosis

**develops when there is an absolute deficiency of insulin and an increase in the insulin counter-regulatory hormones

-Causes: MIGS (MI, Infection, GI bleed*, Sepsis)

20
Q

HHS

A

metabolic problem that occurs in individuals who have type 2 DM and is characterized by a plasma osmolarity of 340 or greater, greatly elevated BS, and altered LOC.

  • mortality is high, life threatening and even more than DKA
  • initiated by hyperglycemia
21
Q

Treatment of DKA and HHS

A

What comes first? Impaired perfusion and aggressive rehydration

And then? monitoring and replacement of electrolytes

And finally….correction of hyperglycemia with insulin

And don’t forget…what caused it?

22
Q

Chronic Complications of Diabetes

A
  • hyperglycemia
  • hyperlipidemia
  • hypertension

Macrovascular dz

Microvascular dz

23
Q

Sulonylureas

A
  • “mides/zides/rides”
  • stimulates pancreas to release more insulin
  • only for Type 2 DM
  • yes, can cause hypoglycemia
  • not for type 1
24
Q

Biguanides

A

Metformin

  • insulin sensitizer
  • yes, can cause hypoglycemia
25
Q

Thiazolidinediones

A
  • “zones”
  • insulin sensitizer
  • CHF, liver failure, bladder cancer
  • No, cannot cause hypoglycemia
  • Not for Type 1
26
Q

Alpha-Glucodidase Inhibitors

A

-Acarbose, Miglitol

lowers BS by inhibiting enzyme alpha-glucosidase in the GI tract resulting in delayed glucose absorption

27
Q

Rapid-acting insulin

A
  • Lispro (Humalog)
  • Aspart (Novolog)
  • Glulisine (Apidra)

Onset: 15 minutes
Peak: 40-50, 1-1.5 hrs
Duration: 3-5 hrs

“15 minutes feels like an hour during 3 rapid responses”

28
Q

Short-acting insulin

A

Regular (Novolin R)

Onset: 30-1 hr
Peak: 2-3 hours
Duration: 4-6 hrs

“short staffed nurses went from 30 patients 2 8 patients

29
Q

Intermediate acting

A

NPH (Novolin N)

Onset: 2 hrs
Peak: 6-8
Duration: 12-16

“Nurses play hero 2 8 16 years olds”

30
Q

Long-acting

A

Glargine (Lantus)
Detemir (levemir)

Onset: 1-2hrs
Peak:
**Lantus 16-20
**Levemir 6-23

Duration: 24+

“The two long shifts never peaked but lasted 24 hours”

31
Q

NPDR

A

early stage of the disease in which symptoms will be mild or nonexistent. In NPDR, the blood vessels in the retina are weakened. Tiny bulges in the blood vessels, called microaneurysms, may leak fluid into the retina. This leakage may lead to swelling of the macula.

32
Q

PDR

A

more advanced form of the disease. At this stage, circulation problems deprive the retina of oxygen. As a result new, fragile blood vessels can begin to grow in the retina and into the vitreous, the gel-like fluid that fills the back of the eye. The new blood vessels may leak blood into the vitreous, clouding vision

33
Q

nephropathy

A

disease of the kidneys characterized by the prescence of albumin in the urine, HTN, edema, and progressive renal insufficiency.

first indication is miscroalbuminuria. low, but abnormal level of albumin in the blood

MS1 Exam Two (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions