Diabetes Flashcards
Two key complements of T2D pathology
Insulin resistance
Pancreatic beta cell dysfunction
Complications associated with T2D (4)
Neuropathy
Nephropathy
CVD
Retinoathy
What is type 2 diabetes?(2)
Chronic metabolic disorder
Characterised by chronicle hyperglycaemia
Accumulation of fat at which organs are hypothesised to be critical for T2D?(2)
Pancreas
Liver
Lim 2011 fat loss study (5)
Demonstrated normalisation of beta cell function and hepatic insulin sensitivity in T2D
Using calorie restriction
Associated with decreased pancreatic and liver TAG stores
Normal pancreatic beta cell function can adapt to changes in _______ ________
Insulin action
What usually happens when there’s a decrease in insulin action?
Accompanied by an increase in insulin secretion
Hyperglycaemic glucose clamp studies beta cell function (3)
Under conditions of identical glycaemia insulin secretion is markedly decreased Compared with non-diabetic individuals with similar anthropometric characteristics
Therefore demonstrating beta cell dysfunction as a critical comment of T2D
Why may a combination of therapeutic and pharmacological interventions be needed to manage T2D (5)
Although weight loss through lifestyle intervention has shown to improve glycaemia control
It is hard to accomplish and maintain
The potential safety risks
And costs of batriatic surgery
Limits the use for large patient populations
What is GLP1 (5)
Gut hormone Secreted in response to meal ingestion Suppresses appetite Enhances the endogenous secretion of insulin Thereby improving glucose homeostasis
Trials of GLP1 receptor agonists on T2D patients (2)
Beneficial effects on metabolic regulation
And may lead to weight loss
Vilsboll 2012 GLP1 meta-analysis (3)
Provided convincing evidence that GLP1 agonists can clinically improve bodyweight
In obese patients with or without T2D
Diabetes essay plan (14)
Diabetes definition Features of type 2 diabetes Hyperglycaemic glucose clamp Complications Obesity Metabolic syndrome FFA portal vein Glucotoxicity Cytokines Biomarker Ectopic fat Lim 2011 Potential need for drugs GLP-1 receptor agonists
What is type 1 diabetes triggered by?
An immune-associated destruction of the pancreatic beta cells
When does type 1 diabetes occur (2)
Type 1 diabetes can be diagnosed at any age
However it is one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood
What are the diagnostic hallmarks of type 1 diabetes?(4)
Overt hyperglycaemia
Polydipsia
Polyuria
Polyphagia
What is required for type 1 diabetes treatment?
Lifelong exogenous insulin replacement
VLDLs and LDLs b-cell
Inducted apoptosis in b-cells
Effects of high glucose and FFAs on b-cells (2)
High glucose is very toxic to B cells
Glucose and FFAs enter b-cells and induce inflammation
