Diabetes Flashcards
What is ‘diabetes’?
Any disease characterised by polyuria
What are the two most common types of diabetes?
Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
What is diabetes mellitus?
A common chronic disease of impaired carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. Due to insulin secretion insufficiency or target-tissue insulin resistance.
What is diabetes insipidus?
A rare condition caused by issues with vasopressin secretion and action which in turn causes urinary concentration.
What are the key factors in the diagnosis of diabetes insipidus?
Polyuria and polydipsia
Name some other diagnostic factors for diabetes insipidus.
Nocturia Non-specific CNS symptoms of high sodium Hyperthermia Muscle twitching Signs of volume depletion Skin rash
What are the key tests to order in diabetes insipidus?
Urine osmolality
Serum osmolality
U+Es
What is the treatment of diabetes insipidus?
If hypernatraemia - oral/IV fluids
1st line - Desmopressin
What investigations should you also consider in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus apart from U+Es?
Serum TSH and T4
MRI
What is T1DM?
A disease which is characterised by hyperglycaemia caused by absolute insulin deficiency. The condition then develops to cause destruction of pancreatic beta cells
What are the key features of T1DM?
Polydipsia and polyuria
Name some other diagnostic factors associated with T1DM.
Youth Weight loss Blurred vision Nausea and vomiting Abdominal pain Lethargy Tachypnoea
What are the 1st line tests to order in suspected T1DM?
Random plasma glucose Fasting plasma glucose 2hr plasma glucose Plasma/ Urine ketones HbA1c
What is the 1st line treatment for T1DM?
Basal-bolus insulin
What are the key diagnostic factors in T2DM?
Skin infections,
UTIs
Candidal infections
Presence of risk factors
What are some other factors to consider in the diagnosis of T2DM?
Polydipsia Polyuria Fatigue Blurred vision Weight loss Nocturia
What are the first tests to order in the diagnosis of T2DM?
HbA1c
Fasting blood glucose
Random blood glucose
Name some other tests to consider when diagnosing T2DM
Lipid profile Urine ketones ABPI Urinary albumin ECG Dilated retinal examination
What are the first steps in the treatment of T2DM?
BP control Lipid control Lifestyle changes Smoking cessation Glycaemic control
Describe the pharmacological glycamaemic control in T2DM
Metformin
Metformin + sulphonylurea
\+ DPP 4 inhibitor
\+ GLP-1 agonist
\+ GLT2 inhibitor
Metform and basal insulin
