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Oral Pathology > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

What organ is associated with diabetes and is considered a gland?

A

The pancreas

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2
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

Upper abdomen behind the stomach.

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3
Q

True or false; the pancreas is considered both and endocrine and exocrine gland?

A

true

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4
Q

Why is the pancreas considered an exocrine gland?

A

It secretes digestive enzymes through ducts into the digestive tract.

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5
Q

Why is the pancreas considered an endocrine gland?

A

It secretes insulin directly into the blood.

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6
Q

What is the major function of the pancreas as an exocrine gland?

A

It secretes digestive juices into the intestines to aid in the breakdown of food.

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7
Q

What is the major function of the pancreas as an endocrine gland?

A

It secretes insulin which allows sugar to enter the cells of the body where it becomes a source of energy.

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8
Q

What disease is a result of the malfunction of the pancreas?

A

Diabetes mellitus

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9
Q

Why is diabetes mellitus considered a dysfunction of the endocrine system?

A

The portion of the pancreas associated with insulin production is considered an endocrine gland.

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10
Q

True or false; diabetes is also considered a genetic disorder?

A

True, there is a genetic predisposition to developing the disease.

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11
Q

How does the problem of diabetes develop?

A

The presence of more than one gene and environmental factors.

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12
Q

What are the two types of diabetes?

A

Type 1 - insulin dependent “juvenile”

Type 2 - non-insulin dependent “adult”

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13
Q

Which type of diabetes is the most common?

A

Type 2

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14
Q

What environmental factors can predispose an individual to the devlopment of diabetes?

A
  1. Obesity
  2. Pregnancy
  3. Stress (trauma, infection, hypoxia, and fever)
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15
Q

True or false; Type 1 diabetes is considered a polygenic disorder?

A

True, since several genes are thought to be needed to produce the disorder plus environmental factors.

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16
Q

Which type of diabetes is associated with viral infections and can be considered a type of autoimmune disease?

A

Type 1

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17
Q

Why can Type 1 diabetes be considered an autoimmune disease?

A

Viral infections cause the productions of antibodies which in turn attack islet cells of the pancreas. This attack causes insulin production to stop.

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18
Q

True or false; insulin- dependent (type 1) patients have more chance of developing other autoimmune diseases the the general population?

A

true

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19
Q

True or false, insulin dependent diabetics lack insulin and need daily injections of insulin in order to live?

A

True

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20
Q

What is insulin?

A

A hormone, needed to allow sugar molecules to pass through cell membranes where it is burned as an energy source.

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21
Q

In untreated type 1 diabetes what sources are used to burn energy?

A

Patients will burn fat and muscle tissue to keep their bodies going since they cannot use sugar.

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22
Q

What happens when the body metabolizes fat as an energy source?

A

It produces ketones.

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23
Q

If there is an accumulation of ketones what happens to the breath of untreated type 1 diabetics?

A

Causes them to have sweet, fruity smelling breath.

24
Q

What happens to the sugar that cannot be used for energy in type 1 untreated diabetics?

A

The patient will have high levels of sugar in their blood and eventually that will spill over into their urine to be excreted.

25
Q

Why do untreated type 1 diabetics experience dehydration?

A

The large amounts of sugar in the urine draw more of the body’s fluids into the urine through osmosis. This causes thirst.

26
Q

What is another sypmtom of untreated type 1 diabetes?

A

Patient can have an increased appetite as well as a craving for sweets because there is a lack of sugar available in the cells as a source of energy.

27
Q

What are the three classic signs of untreated insulin-dependent diabetes?

A
  1. polyuria (increased urine production)
  2. polydipsia (Increased thirst)
  3. polyphagia (increased hunger)
28
Q

If left untreated- what can happen to a type 1 diabetic?

A

They can lapse into a coma and die.

29
Q

What happens in there is too low a blood sugar level?

A

Rapid loss of consciousness (insulin shock)

30
Q

What happens if there is too high a blood sugar level?

A

Nausea, vomiting, frequent urination, dehydration, loss of consciousness and death (diabetic coma)

31
Q

True or false; type 1 diabetics should drink alcohol.

A

False

32
Q

When should an appointment be made for a diabetic patient?

A

AFTER they have eaten.

33
Q

What increases a need for insulin?

A

Stress

34
Q

What treatment considerations should be made for a diabetic?

A

Healing time, and appointment times.

35
Q

Why do many physicians want their diabetic patients to have prophylactic antibiotics before dental treatment?

A

Oral yeast infections are more common.

36
Q

What is the most common type of diabetes?

A

Type 2

37
Q

How are type 1 and type 2 diabetes the same?

A

There is an inability of sugar to pass through cell membranes into the cells where it can be burned as energy.

38
Q

How is type 2 diabetes different from type 1?

A

Type 2 diabetics do have insulin in their bodies.

39
Q

What are the two theories that explain what the problem is with type 2 diabetics?

A
  1. The insulin is insufficient for the amount of sugar in the blood.
  2. Tissues do not respond to the insulin that is there.
40
Q

What is correlated with adult onset diabetes (type 2)?

A

Obesity

41
Q

What percentage of people with diabetes type 2 are obese?

A

80%

42
Q

What percentage of people with diabetes type 2 have a carbohydrate intolerance?

A

60%

43
Q

What is it called when a woman who is pregnant becomes diabetic?

A

Gestational diabetes.

44
Q

In type 2 diabetics how are high blood sugar levels detected?

A

Routine lab tests.

45
Q

What are common symptoms of type 2 diabetics?

A
  1. Frequent urination
  2. Increased thirst
  3. Cramping of the feet/calves
  4. Blurring of vision
    * common at night*
46
Q

What is the major pathology associated with either type of diabetes?

A

Damage of the blood vessels of the body. Called atherosclerosis and arteriolosclerosis.

47
Q

Gradually what will atherosclerosis and arteriolosclerosis cause?

A

Diminishing blood supply to various tissues and organs.

48
Q

What is the most common cause of death in diabetics?

A

Myocardial infarction due to atherosclerosis.

49
Q

What is the 2nd most common cause of death in diabetics?

A

Renal failure, due to damage to the blood vessels serving the kidneys causing kidney failure and thus renal failure.

50
Q

What issues can occur if there is pathological destruction of the retina?

A
  1. Cataract formation
  2. Glaucoma

this can lead to loss of sight

51
Q

Can the CNS and PNS be affected by atherosclerosis and arteriolosclerosis?

A

Yes, lesions of the small blood vessels are the same as the rest of the body.

52
Q

If there is pathology in the CNS and PNS what is the result?

A

Loss of sensory and motor function in the lower extremities.

53
Q

True or False; scheduling appointments around meals is NOT a problem as long as the patient is not taking insulin?

A

True.

54
Q

Will a patient with type 2 diabetes become hypoglycemic?

A

Not to the point of causing a medical emergency.

55
Q

What type of diabetes has a poorer response to infection and healing?

A

Insulin-dependent or Type 1

Oral Pathology (2 decks)

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