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Pharm > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

The endocrine effects of insulin on muscle and adipose tissue include

A

increased glycogen synthesis


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2
Q

Metabolic actions of GLP-1 receptor agonists (incretin mimetics) include

A

glucose dependent insulin secretion


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3
Q

Inhibition of intestinal enzymes that break down carbohydrates, delaying carbohydrate absorption is from the intestine into the vasculature is the mechanism of action of which drug class?



A

alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (acarbose)


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4
Q

Consideration related to prescribing a biguanide (metformin) of which the APN provider should be aware include:



A

potential for lactic acidosis.

possible modest weight loss


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5
Q

You are the provider for a patient with Type 2 diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease. Select the drug least appropriate to prescribe in this patient

A

alpha glycosidase inhibitor

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6
Q

The study of how individual genetic differences affect drug response is termed

A

pharmacogenomics


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7
Q

Which antibiotic class has bacteriocidal activity, post antibiotic effect, concentration dependent killing and excellent gram negative organism coverage?



A

fluoroquinolones


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8
Q

Adverse effects of peripheral neuropathy and seizures, caution for use in patients with preexisting CNS disorders and reaction to alcohol ingestion are all associated with which of the following agents

A

metronidazole


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9
Q

The serious hypersensitivity reaction of Steven Johnson Syndrome is most associated with which antimicrobial agent?



A

Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole


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10
Q

Genetic alterations; modifications of target sites; and enzymatic inactivation; are all examples of:



A

mechanisms of resistance


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11
Q

Where does non-insulin dependent glucose uptake take place at?

A

Brain and splenic bed

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12
Q

Where does insulin dependent glucose take place at?

A

muscle

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13
Q

β-cell destruction and absolute insulin deficiency represents which type of diabetes?

A

DM1

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14
Q

Insulin resistance and progressive relative insulin deficiency represents which type of diabetes?

A

DM2

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15
Q

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by?

A
  1. Resistance to insulin
  2. Insufficient insulin release
  3. Both insulin resistance and insulin insufficiency
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16
Q

Type 1 DM is described as?

A

–Absolute insulin deficiency

– Autoimmune destruction of the β cells

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17
Q

Type 2 DM is described as?

A

Deficit in insulin secretion
• β-cells lose function
Insulin resistance

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18
Q

What is the primary site for insulin resistance

A

muscle

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19
Q

What are the acute complications of DM2?

A

Hypoglycemia
DKA
HHS

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20
Q

What are the chronic complications of DM2?

A

Cardiovascular disease

retinopathy

21
Q

The 3 clinical P’s of DM2?

A

Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Polyuria

22
Q

DKA at diagnosis and the honeymoon phase are related to what form of DM?

A

DM1

23
Q

what are the pre diabetes criteria

A

impaired fasting glucose 100-125
impaired glucose tolerance 140-199
HgbA1C 5.7-6.4

24
Q

A1c levels for glycemic control should be?

A

under 7

25
Q

Binds to receptors on the pancreatic β-cells leading to membrane depolarization with subsequent stimulation of insulin secretion is the mechanism of action of what drug class?

A

sulfonylureas

26
Q

The first generation of sulfonyureas are?

A

chlorpropmide

tolbutmide

27
Q

the second generation of sulfonyureas are?

A

glyburide
glipizide
glimepiride

28
Q

Reducing hepatic gluconeogenesis and increase in insulin sensitivity of peripheral tissue is the mechanism of action for what drug class?

A

Biguanides

29
Q

the main biguanide is what?

A

metformen

30
Q

The two meglitinides are?

A

Starlix

Prandin

31
Q

Meglitinides depend on what for their mechanism of actions?

A

glucose for activity

32
Q

The increase in the expression of genes responsible for glucose metabolism and increase in insulin sensitivity represents the mechanism of action for what drug?

A

Thiazolidinediones

33
Q

The two thiazolidinediones are?

A

Actos

Avandia

34
Q

The major side effects of thiazolidinediones are?

A

HF

Bone fracture

35
Q

Slowing the absorption of glucose from the intestines into the vasculature is the mechanism of action for what drug?

A

Alpha glucosidase inhibitors

36
Q

The two alpha glucosidase inhibitors are?

A

acarbose

miglitol

37
Q

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease should not be given what drug class?

A

alpha glucosidase inhibitors

38
Q

If an alpha glucosidase inhibitor is combined with secretagogue hyperglycemia occurs. How do you treat it?

A

with glucose

39
Q

what mechanism of action is used primary for cholesterol?

A

bile acid sequestrates

40
Q

Bile acid sequestrates should not be used with patients suffering from?

A

URI or UTIs

bowel obstruction

41
Q

The one bile acid drug is?

A

colesevelam

42
Q

Incretin Analogs include?

A

GLP-1 analogs

Amylin analogs

43
Q

Glucose dependent insulin, reduction in glucagon, reduced gastric emptying, promotion of satiety occur when this mechanism of action occurs

A

GLP-1 analogs

44
Q

The two GLP-1 analogs are?

A

Exenatide (Byetta)

Liraglutide (Victoza)

45
Q

GLP-1 analogs are contraindicated in patients suffering with?

A

impaired renal function

medullary thyroid carcinoma

46
Q

The amylin analog is?

A

Pramalintide

47
Q

The black box warning for pramalintide is

A

hypoglycemia in patients with DM1

48
Q

Rapid acting insulin includes

A

Humalog (lispro)
Novalog (aspart)
Apidra (glulisine)

49
Q

Long acting insulin includes

A

Lantus (gargine)

Levemir

Pharm (3 decks)

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