Diabetes Flashcards
What are the two functions of the pancreas?
- endocrine gland produces hormones
- exocrine gland secretes pancreatic juices for digestion
What hormones are produced by the pancreas endocrine gland?
- insulin
- glucagon
What is the functional unit of the pancreas endocrine gland?
- islets of Langerhans
What cells make up the islet of Langerhans?
- alpha
- beta
- delta
- gamma
What do alpha cells secrete?
- glucagon
What do beta cells secrete?
- insulin
What doe delta cells secrete?
- somatostatin
What do gamma cells secrete?
- pancreatic polypeptide
What stimulates the secretion of insulin?
- high glucose levels
What is insulins mechanism of action?
- drives glucose into the cell via binding to Glut 4 transporters
- inhibits glucagon
What stimulates glucagon secretion?
- low glucose levels
What occurs to make glucagon secretion?
- liver glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen to glucose)
What is the relationship between insulin & glucagon?
- inverse/neg feedback
What cells take up glucose?
- skeletal
- cardiac
- liver
- adipose
Summarize DM
- increased blood glucose levels during day
- overall insufficient/absent insulin
- fat, muscle, & liver unable to uptake circulating blood glucose
- lack of glucagon inhibition d/t low insulin
- body in “starvation mode” triggers alternative energy source
- stimulates gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis & lipolysis
- results in increased FFA/ketoacidosis
What are the counterregulatory hormones?
- glucagon
- catecholamines (i.e. E, NE, cortisol, & GH)
What stimulates glucagon secretion?
- low glucose/hypoglycemia
- strenuous exercise
What inhibits glucagon secretion?
- high glucose
What is glucagons role in the liver?
- gluconeogenesis
- glycogenolysis
- glycolysis
- lipolysis
What occurs as a result of lipolysis?
- stimulates ketogenic effect
- increased acidiv enviornment/ketoacidosis
What is responsible for symptoms of hypoglycemia?
- E
When _____ & _____ fail to adequately raise blood glucose levels, the body releases _____ & _____ which also work to increase blood glucose.
- E & glucagon
- cortisol & GH (potent)
Define DM
- hyperglycemia d/t inability to produce insulin, insulin resistance, OR both
Define DM type I
- hyperglycemia d/t an absence or deficiency of insulin
- beta cell destruction ==> inability to produce insulin
Define DM type II
- combination of insulin receptor abnormalities AND inadequate insulin secretion to compensate
What is DM’s rank on the list of causes of deaths worldwide?
- 5th
At which age does DM type I most commonly present?
- <30 y/o
- peak incidence during preschool & pre-puberty
What is the etiology of DM type I?
- autoimmune
- genetic
- environmental (hx resp infx in infants)
- diet (? cows milk)
Describe the physiology of DM type I
- susceptibility gene on HLA region on chromosome 6
- triggers autoimmune destruction of beta cells
- loss of insulin producing beta cells leads to insulin deficiency
What type of immune response in DM type I?
- Tcell mediated autoimmune attack
What antibodies are present in DM type I?
- ICA
- IAA
- GAD
- tyrosine phosphatases (IA2 & IA2-B)
How can antibody levels help patients?
- screen sibilings
At what point does a DM type I become symptomatic?
- 80=90% beta cell destruction
What is the clinical presentation of DM type I?
- 3 P’s (polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia)
- unexplained wt loss
- ketonemia
- ketonuria
- fatigue
- nausea
- blurred vision
- paresthesia
- hypotension/orthostatic hypotension
Define polyuria
- increased spilling of glucose in urine
Define polydipsia
- increased plasma hyperosmolality
Define polyphagia
- increased appetite
What are the values for fasting blood glucose?
- normal: 70-100mg/dL
- prediabetes: 100-125mg/dL
- diabetes: >126mg/dL
What are the blood glucose values 2hs s/p eating?
- normal: 200mg/dL
What are the values for a random blood glucose?
- normal: 70-140mg/dL
- diabetes: >200mg/dL
What are the values for OGTT?
- prediabetes: 140-199mg/dL
- diabetes: >200mg/dL
What can a urine dipstick test detect?
- glucose
- ketone
- albumin
Define HbA1c
- % Hb coated with glucose
What are the values of HbA1C?
- normal: < 5.7%
- risk of DM: 5.7-6.4%
- DM: > 6.5%
- goal for DM: <7%
Besides specific glucose tests, what should be ordered for DM pts?
- lipid panel
- renal function
- EKG
- peripheral pulse check
- neuro, pod, & optho consults
What are the primary goals of DM type I tx?
- prevent acute illness
- prevent long term complications
What does it mean to prevent long term complications?
- microvascular complications
- macrovascular complications
What are microvascular complications?
- nephropathy
- neuropathy
- retinopathy
What are macrovascular complications?
- CAD
- peripheral arterial disease
- stroke
What are the types of insulin preparations?
- ultra short/rapid
- short/regular
- intermediate
- long
What are the rapid acting insulin preparations?
- lispro (Humalog)
- aspart (NovoLog)
Discuss the use of rapid acting insulin
- 5-15m prior to a meal
- eat soon after injx
- flexible dosing schedule
- used with long or intermed insulin
- subQ
What is a common side effect of rapid acting insulin?
- hypoglycemia
What are the regular acting insulin preparations?
- Humulin R
- Novolin R
Discuss the use of regular insulin preparations
- 30m prior to a meal
- IV
What are the intermediate acting insulin preparations?
- NPH (Humilin, Novolin)
Discuss the use of intermediate insulin
- BID b/t meals
- combo with regular or lispro for tighter glucose control
What are the long acting insulin preparations?
- glargine (Lantus)
- detemir ( Levemir)