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Complex Conditions > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary source of energy produced from carbohydrate metabolism?

A

Glucose

Glucose is best for making energy (ATP).

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2
Q

What process involves the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid without the need for oxygen?

A

Glycolysis

Glycolysis is the first step in glucose catabolism.

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3
Q

What does pyruvic acid turn into to enter the Krebs cycle?

A

Acetyl coenzyme

Acetyl coenzyme is essential for entering the Krebs cycle.

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4
Q

What is produced in the Krebs cycle from oxidizing acetyl coenzyme?

A

ATP and CO2

The Krebs cycle produces 2 ATP and carbon dioxide.

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5
Q

What is the overall equation for aerobic respiration of glucose?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (36 ATP)

This equation summarizes the complete oxidation of glucose.

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6
Q

What hormone is released in response to high blood sugars?

A

Insulin

Insulin promotes the conversion of glucose into glycogen.

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7
Q

What is the process called where insulin tells the liver to convert glucose into glycogen?

A

Glycogenesis

Glycogenesis is stimulated by insulin.

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8
Q

What hormone is released when blood sugar levels are low?

A

Glucagon

Glucagon stimulates the liver to convert glycogen back into glucose.

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9
Q

What is gestation diabetes mellitus?

A

Inability to increase insulin secretion to counteract natural insulin resistance caused by hormones (progesterone, oestrogen)

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10
Q

Which hormones during pregnancy contribute to insulin resistance?

A

Progesterone and estrogen

These hormones can affect insulin levels and secretion.

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11
Q

What are the effects of poorly controlled diabetes during pregnancy?

A

Congenital abnormalities, HBW, trauma, polyhydramnios, stillbirth, neonatal asphyxia

Poorly controlled diabetes can lead to serious complications.

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12
Q

What is the target maternal blood glucose level during pregnancy?

A

4-7 mmol/l

Maintaining this range is critical for maternal and fetal health.

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13
Q

What condition is indicated by the presence of glucose in urine?

A

High blood glucose

Glucose in urine typically occurs when blood glucose levels exceed renal threshold.

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14
Q

What do women with diabetes need higher levels of due to low vitamin B levels?

A

Folic acid

Higher folic acid levels are essential for women with diabetes to prevent neural tube defects.

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15
Q

What type of diabetes is characterized by the inability to create insulin?

A

Diabetes type 1

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition that destroys insulin-producing cells.

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16
Q

What type of diabetes involves either not creating insulin or not responding to it?

A

Diabetes type 2

Type 2 diabetes is often related to insulin resistance.

17
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of turning glucose into glycogen is called _______.

A

Glycogenesis

18
Q

True or False: Insulin reduces blood sugar levels.

A

True

Insulin facilitates the uptake of glucose by cells, lowering blood sugar levels.

19
Q

List the healthcare professionals involved in managing diabetes during pregnancy.

A
  • Dietetic doctor
  • Dietician
  • Diabetic midwife/nurse
  • Community midwife
  • Women
  • Sonographers
  • Neonatal doctors
  • Obstetrician
  • Ophthalmologists
20
Q

What is a potential consequence of ketones in the blood during pregnancy?

A

Ketoacidosis

Ketoacidosis can lead to serious complications, including coma.

21
Q

What symptoms might indicate ketoacidosis?

A
  • peardrops on breath
  • Low blood pH
  • Coma
  • Rapid breathing
22
Q

What should maternal blood sugar be between

A

4-7mmol/L

23
Q

How do we care for women in labour with GDM?

A

CTG monitoring
Test hourly blood glucose
+/- insulin infusion if needed

24
Q

How does diabetes affect the neonate?

A

High birth weight
Birth trauma - forceps, shoulder dystocia
Hypoglycaemia - glucose source taken away
Hyperglycaemia
Jaundice - high RBC levels due to insulin
Stillbirth
Respiratory distress - hyperinsulimaemia can affect surfactant
Hyperinsulimaemia

25
Q

How does diabetes affect the mother?

A

Miscarriage
Hyperglycaemia
Hypoglycaemia
Premature
C/s
Birth trauma
Hypertension
Damaging eye tissue

26
Q

What are the physiological changes in the 3rd trimester in terms of diabetes?

A

Increased Insulin resistance and glucose intolerance due to hormones released by the placenta (hCG)

27
Q

Discuss antenatal care for women with diabetes

A

Referral to diabetes clinic
Fortnightly contact to assess glycemic control
Advise to birth in labour ward
Retinal and renal assessment

Complex Conditions (5 decks)

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