Diabetes

Question 1

diabetes mellitus def.

Answer 1

primarily a disorder of glucose metabolism related to absent or insufficient insulin supply or poor utilization of the insulin that is available

Question 2

chronic hyperglycemia of diabetes is associated w/

Answer 2

• specific long-term microvascular complications affecting the eyes, kidneys and nerves
• increased risk for CVD

Question 3

prediabetes

Answer 3

impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)
or
impaired fasting glucose (IFG)
FPG = 6.1 - 6.9 mmol/L

Question 4

normal blood glucose

Answer 4

4-6 mmol/L

Question 5

ketoacidosis

Answer 5

Serum glucose >14 mmol/L

Question 6

gestational diabetes

Answer 6

presents during pregnancy
- screened during pregnancy

Question 7

secondary diabetes

Answer 7

• pancreatic diseases
• endocrine pathologies
• drugs/ medical therapy
  underlying conditions that causes diabetes symptoms or hyperglycemia that requires treatment

Question 8

metabolic syndrome

Answer 8

collection of risk factors that increase an individual’s chance of developing CVD and DM
- abdominal obesity
- hypertension
- dyslipidemia
- insulin resistance
- dysglycemia

Question 9

modifiable risk factors

Answer 9

• obesity/ overweight
• sedentary lifestyle
• high blood pressure/ hypertension
• abnormal cholesterol and lipid levels –> dyslipidemia

Question 10

non-modifiable risk factors

Answer 10

• age
• hx of gestational diabetes
• family hx
• race/ ethnic background

Question 11

pathophysiology of diabetes
– pancreas

Answer 11

beta cells regulate insulin which is a hormone
- insulin increases cellular uptake of glucose

alpha cells regulate glucagon which is a hormone
- glucagon increases release of glucose by the liver

Question 12

glucose, insulin and glucagon relationship

Answer 12

↑glucose → ↑insulin & ↓glucagon
↓glucose → ↓insulin & ↑glucagon

Question 13

other hormones that increase blood glucose

Answer 13

• epinephrine
• growth hormones
• cortisol

Question 14

pathophysiology of type I

Answer 14

lack of insulin secretion
- destruction of beta-cells resulting in decreased or absent insulin secretion
- manifestations seen when 80-90% of normal beta-cell function is destroyed

possible causes:
- immune system disorder
- virus

Question 15

pathophysiology of type II

Answer 15

1 ) insulin resistance
- body cells do not respond to action of insulin
- desensitization
2 ) decrease in ability to produce insulin
3 ) inappropriate glucose production by liver
- not functioning properly
4 )alteration in production of hormones & cytokines by adipose tissue
- adipocytokines

Question 16

diagnosis of diabetes
— do not memorize lol

Answer 16

random plasma glucose value
≥ 11.1 mmol/L

fasting plasma glucose (FPG)
≥ 7.0 mmol/L

plasma glucose value in the 2-h sample (2hPG) of a 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
≥ 11.1 mmol/L (gestational)

hemoglobin A1C ≥ 6.5%
(in adults)

Question 17

goals for management of diabetes

Answer 17

1 ) reduce the symptoms
2 ) prevent and manage acute complications
3 ) delay the onset and progression of long-term complications
- if we can catch them at prediabetes
4 ) obtain a desirable body weight

Question 18

glycogen

Answer 18

stored glucose in the liver and muscle

Question 19

glucose

Answer 19

source of energy in the body

Question 20

glucagon

Answer 20

strongly opposes the action of insulin
- stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose

Question 21

gluconeogenesis

Answer 21

making glucose from non-CHO sources

Question 22

glycogenolysis

Answer 22

glycogen breakdown to make glucose

Question 23

endogenous insulin

Answer 23

insulin the body/pancreas makes

Question 24

exogenous insulin

Answer 24

externally made insulin

Question 25

type II

Answer 25

chronic blurred vision
recurrent infections (fungal)
neuropathic pain
weight gain
fatigue