Diabetes Flashcards
Tell me about your chosen paper
The people selected for this study had a diagnosis of T2DM.
Male & Female.
Various ages but with a mean age of over 70.
12 week period
Daily 20-30 mins using the vibration platform
Attractive alternative to physical exercise
Low code pharmacological method where patient compliance is low.
What benefits are there to whole body vibration? Results?
Significant reductions in HBA1c
Increases insulin sensitivity
Reduces apidose tissue inflammation
Increases glucose uptake by activating muscle contraction.
Are they any negatives to the study?
The study was done over 6-12 weeks which i feel is too short to see the long term benefits of WBV.
Further investigation on larger groups to be able to see effects on lipid profiles/metabolic outcomes.
What does the HBA1C test show
Shows your average blood glucose over the past 2-3 months
How does diabetes damages the kidneys
Diabetes can damage blood vessels in the kidneys caused by high blood sugars, these blood vessels become narrow/blocked. Without enough blood through these vessels the kidneys become damaged.
What are simple carbs?
Simple carbs are digested quickly and send immediate bursts of glucose into the blood stream- processed foods, soda, sugar and sweets
What are Complex carbs?
Complex carbs take longer to digest and absorb leaving you feel fuller for longer and they give you more of a steady stream of energy over time- whole grains, pastas, rices, breads and potatoes.
Explain digestion part1- list where it starts and where it ends
Digestion starts even before entering the mouth- thinking, smelling begins the mouth producing saliva.
Mouth/tongue/teeth
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small-large intestine
Rectum
Explain digestion process
Food contains all the nutrients a persons body needs. During digestion the body breaks down these compounds into smaller parts. This enables them to enter cells, providing energy.
The secretion of bile and enzymes help break down compounds and excretion of waste.
Absorption of nutrients mainly occur in the small intestine, once food is broken down these compounds, the villi (tiny hairs like projections that line the intestine) absorb the nutrients which enter the bloodstream.
Any unabsorbed food is past into the large intestines which become faeces.
What does insulin do?
Insulin lowers blood glucose levels, Glucogen which is another hormone naturally raises it. Our bodies use these two hormones to balance out our blood sugar. Too much manufactured insulin can lead to low blood sugar- hypoglycaemia.
Symptoms of Hypoglycaemia
Pale, lightheaded, sweaty, hunger, nausea, heartbreak irregular, weak, fatigued and shaky.
Metformin- dose
Initially 500 mg once daily, dose to be taken with food to reduce side effects
Metformin- mode of action
Decreases liver glucose production
Decreases absorption of glucose from the intestines after eating
Increases body sensitivity to insulin
Increases the uptake of glucose by the muscle cells
Metformin-side affects
Nausea
Diarrhea
Metallic taste in mouth
Decreased appetite
B12 deficiency
Metformin-Contraindications
Acute metabolic acidosis
Dapagliflozin-Dose
10mg daily with or without food
Dapagliflozin- Mode of action
Inhibits the action of the SGLT2 protein in the kidneys (Sodium Glucose Co Transporter 2).
Promotes the elimination of excess glucose from the body through urine.
Dapagliflozin-Side effects
Back pain
Cystitis
Dizziness
Dyslipidamia
Hypoglycaemia
Increased risk of infection
Vulvovaginal Disorders
Urinary Disorders
Dapagliflozin-Contraindications
ketoacidosis
type 1 diabetes
Finerenone-Dose
Starting dose 10mg once daily with or without food
Finerernone-Mode of action
Promotes the excretion of sodium and water in the urine.
Has anti inflammatory and anti fibrotic effects.
Reduces fluid retention and protects kidneys from further damage.
Finerernone-side effects
Electrolyte imbalance;
hypotension;
pruritus
Finerernone-Contraindications
Addison’s disease; hyperkalaemia
What can Dapagliflozin and Insulin do when taken together
Increase risk of hypoglycaemia
What legislation is there?
Medicines Act 1968 updated December 2024.
What legislation is there? (Mental health)
Mental Capacity Act 2005, updated December 2024.
Tell me about the Pancreas and hormones
Your pancreas is an organ in the back of your abdomen. It’s part of your digestive system and endocrine system.
The islet cells (endocrine cells) in your pancreas make the following hormones:
Insulin.
Glucagon.
What is Glycolysis
Glycolysis is involved in the control of hepatic glucose production- when excessive this contributes to hyperglycaemia in diabetes.
Livers association with diabetes?
the islet cells in the pancreas release hormones in response to blood sugar levels which signal to the liver to increase or decrease glucose production.
Diabetes and the heart
When your blood sugar levels are high, your body can’t use all of this sugar properly, This build-up can cause damage and lead to a blockage of the vessels carrying blood to and from your heart. This means the heart can’t get the oxygen and nutrients it needs.
