Diabetes

Question 1

Sulfonylureas MOA

Answer 1

Stimulates pancreatic insulin secretion

Question 2

Sulfonylureas adverse effects

Answer 2

-Hypoglycemia
-Weight gain
-Increased absorption of warfarin

Question 3

Sulfonylureas drug names

Answer 3

-Glimepiride
-Glipizide
-Glyburide

Question 4

Sulfonylureas cautions/contraindications

Answer 4

-Caution in elderly
-Caution in sulfa allergy
-Caution in CKD

Question 5

Biguanides MOA

Answer 5

Inhibits production of glucose, intestinal absorption of glucose, and increases insulin sensitivity in muscle and fat

Question 6

Biguanides adverse effects

Answer 6

-B12 deficiency
-GI effects
-Lactic acidosis

Question 7

Biguanides cautions/contraindications

Answer 7

-Caution in renal insufficiency or HF
-C/I if GFR <30 or Cr >1.5

Question 8

Biguanides benefits

Answer 8

-Prediabetes

Question 9

Biguanides drug names

Answer 9

Metformin

Question 10

DPP-4 Inhibitors MOA

Answer 10

Increases insulin secretion in response to elevated blood glucose, decreases glucagon secretion, increases sense of fullness, and slows gastric emptying

Question 11

DPP-4 inhibitors adverse effects

Answer 11

-Pancreatitis
-New/worsening HF
-Joint pain
-UTIs
-URIs

Question 12

DPP-4 inhibitors drug names

Answer 12

Linagliptin (Tradjenta), Saxagliptin (Onglyza), Sitagliptin (Januvia)

Question 13

DPP-4 inhibitors benefits

Answer 13

-Reduces postprandial glucose
-Safe with renal failure

Question 14

DPP-4 inhibitors cautions/contraindications

Answer 14

-C/I with use of GLP-1 agonists

Question 15

GLP-1 agonists MOA

Answer 15

Increases insulin secretion in response to elevated blood glucose, decreases glucagon secretion, leading to reduced hepatic glucose production and slowed gastric emptying

Question 16

GLP-1 agonists adverse effects

Answer 16

-GI effects
-Gallbladder disease
-Retinopathy complications

Question 17

GLP-1 agonists drug names

Answer 17

Dulaglutide (Trulicity), Exenatide (Byetta), Liraglutide (Victoza), Lixisenatide (Adlyxin), Semaglutide (Ozempic)

Question 18

GLP-1 agonists benefits

Answer 18

-Weight loss
-Reduces postprandial glucose
-ASCVD. stroke, TIA, CKD

Question 19

GLP-1 agonists cautions/contraindications

Answer 19

-Thyroid carcinoma/MEN-2
-Pancreatitis
-GFR <45

Question 20

Meglitinide MOA

Answer 20

Stimulates pancreatic insulin secretion

Question 21

Meglitinide adverse effects

Answer 21

-Weight gain
-Hypoglycemia

Question 22

Meglitinide drug names

Answer 22

Nateglinide (Starlix), Repaglinide (Prandin)

Question 23

Meglitinide benefits

Answer 23

-Consider over sulfonylureas (less hypoglycemia, better postprandial control)
-Flexible dosing (can hold dose if skipping meal)

Question 24

SGLT-2 inhibitors MOA

Answer 24

Blocks glucose reabsorption in the kidney, and increases urinary excretion of glucose

Question 25

SGLT-2 inhibitors adverse effects

Answer 25

-Yeast infections
-UTIs
-Hypotension/dehydration
-Increased LDL
-Risk of bladder cancer
-BBW: amputations

Question 26

SGLT-2 inhibitors drug names

Answer 26

Canagliflozin (Invokana), Dapagliflozin (Farxiga), Empagliflozin (Jardiance)

Question 27

SGLT-2 inhibitors cautions/contraindications

Answer 27

-GFR <45

Question 28

SGLT-2 inhibitors benefits

Answer 28

-Beneficial in CKD and HF

Question 29

TZDs MOA

Answer 29

Increases insulin sensitivity in muscle and fat

Question 30

TZDs adverse effects

Answer 30

-Edema
-Weight gain
-Heart failure
-Fracture risk
-Increased LDL
-Risk of bladder cancer
-Liver failure

Question 31

TZDs drug names

Answer 31

Pioglitzone (Actos), Rosiglitazone (Avandia)

Question 32

TZDs benefits

Answer 32

-Lower triglycerides
-Stroke/TIA

Question 33

TZDs cautions/contraindications

Answer 33

-Class III/IV HF
-Bladder cancer
-Osteoporosis