Diabetes

Question 1

Types of Diabetes

Answer 1

Type one
Type two
Gestational

Question 2

Type One

Answer 2

Onset- children (<30 yrs)

Insulin dependent or juvenile diabetes

Insulin is produced by the beta cells in response to high BG levels. It regulates the level of glucose in the blood.

Pancreas produces little to no insulin in this type

Due to lack of insulin, the body cannot use glucose for energy, leading to high BG levels in the blood.

At risk- family hx of diabetes
Genetic and environmental factors

Question 3

Type Two

Answer 3

Onset- adults (> 30 yrs)

Most common type

Characterized by high BG levels (hyperglycemia) due to insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion

Insulin resistance occurs when the body’s cells become less responsive to the effects of insulin.

The resistance leads to impaired glucose uptake and metabolism in the liver and adipose tissue, resulting in elevated BG levels.

Overtime the pancreas may become unable to produce enough insulin to compensate for insulin resistance, hence worsening hyperglycemia.

At risk- family hx of diabetes
Age, high BP, abnormal lipid levels, obesity

Question 4

Gestational (GDM)

Answer 4

Develops usually during the second or third trimester

Characterized by high BG levels (hyperglycemia)

Caused by hormones secreted by the placenta which inhibit the action of insulin.

At risk- overweight, hx of DM, previous GDM

Complications- High BP, preterm delivery, macrosomia, hypoglycemia

Question 5

Incidence and Prevalence

Question 6

Pathophysiology

Answer 6

Insulin is secreted by beta cells in the pancreas and it is an anabolic hormone.
When we consume food, insulin moves glucose from blood to muscle, liver, and fat cells as insulin level increases.

The functions of insulin include the transport and metabolism of glucose for energy, stimulation of storage of glucose in the liver and muscle, serves as the signal of the liver to stop releasing glucose, enhancement of the storage of dietary fat in adipose tissue, and acceleration of the transport of amino acid into cells.

Insulin and glucagon maintain a constant level of glucose in the blood by stimulating the release of glucose from the liver.

Question 7

Medical Management

Question 8

Pharmacological Management

Question 9

Nursing Management

Question 10

Clinical manifestations

Question 11

Complications of Diabetes

Answer 11

Diabetic keto acidosis (DKA)

Hypoglycemia

Question 12

What is Diabetes?

Answer 12

An endocrine disorder characterized by increased levels of glucose in the blood.

A group of metabolic diseases that occurs with increased levels of glucose in the blood