Diabetes Flashcards
normal glucose range
70-100
characteristics of type 1 diabetes
5-10%
Type 1avs. Type1b
Common in children and young adults.
Characterized bya destruction of beta cells
characteristics of diabetes
1 in 5
Cells in the body are not responding to insulin.
Glucose levelsare elevatedbut not enough todiagnoseDM2.
risk factors for prediabetes
Previous history of hyperglycemia
Family history
Obesity
characteristics of type 2 diabetes
90-95%%
Gradual onset
Risk Factors: HTN, obesity, family hx, cholesterol
Patho:
-Insulin resistance
-Impaired secretion
diagnostics for diabetes
Hemoglobin A1C level: 6.5% or higher
Fasting plasma glucose level: higher than 126 mg/dL
Classic symptoms of hyperglycemia with random plasmaglucose level of 200 mg/dL or higher
Prediabetes= FPG 100-125 mg/dL
clinical manifestations for hyperglycemia
3 “P’s” (polyuria,polydipsia,polyphagia)
Fatigue
Weight loss
Recurrent infection
Prolonged wound healing
Visual changes
Numbness or tingling in hands or feet
acute complications of diabetes
Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome (HHS)
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA
hypoglycemia
goals for nutritional management of diabetes
Glucose, blood pressure, and lipid control.
Weight loss
carbs management for DM
Minimum of 130 g/day
Fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, low-fat dairy
All benefit from including dietary fiber
fats management for DM
Limit saturated fats to < 7% of total calories
Limit cholesterol to < 200 mg/day
Minimize trans fat
Healthy fats come from plants
-Olives, nuts, avocados
protein management for DM
Should make up 15% to 20% of total calories
High-protein diets not recommended
exercise management for DM
Improves insulin utilization
Lower cholesterol
Decrease risk for cardiovascular disease
risks from exercise with DM
Hypoglycemia
Neuropathy
Hypertension
self monitoring of glucose
Finger stick
Continuous Monitoring System
Urine Dipstick
when to test glucose
Before meals
Two hours after meals
When hypoglycemia is suspected
During illness
Before, during, and after exercise
Insulin from an outside source
Required for type 1 diabetes
Prescribed for patients with type 2 diabetes who cannot manageblood glucose levels by other means
exogenous insulin
medication management of DM
educate
Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion Pump
-Basal and Bolus
Oral agents
complications of continuous subq insulin infusion pump
disruption
hypoglycemia
oral agents for DM
Work on 3 defects of type 2 diabetes
-Insulin resistance
-Decreased insulin production
-Increased hepatic glucose production
Can be used in combination
hypoglycemia
Too much insulin in proportion to glucose in the blood
Blood glucose level < 70 mg/dL
causes of hypoglycemia
Too much insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents
Too little food
Delaying time of eating
Too much exercise
clinical manifestations fo hypoglycemia
SNS= increase epinephrine and norepinephrine
Decreased energy for brain cells= impairedCNS
-Patient may appear to have stroke like symptoms
Severe:
-Loss of consciousness
-Difficulty arousing
-Disoriented behavior
-Seizures
management of hypoglycemia: rule of 15
Consume 15 g of a simple carbohydrate
-Fruit juice or regular soft drink, 4 to 6 oz
Recheck glucose level in 15 minutes
-Repeat if still < 70 gm/dL
Avoid foods with fat
-Decrease absorption of sugar
Avoid overtreatment
Give complex CHO after recovery
