Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CEP > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

Description of glucagon

A

29 amino acid polypeptide
Potent hyperglycaemic agent
Major target = liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does glucagon promote?

A
  1. Glycogenolysis- glycogen to glucose
  2. Gluconeogenesis - synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and non carbs
  3. Release of glucose to blood from liver cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Description of insulin

A

51 amino acid polypeptide
Two aa chains linked by disulphide bonds
Synthesised as part of pro insulin
Cleaved to make functional insulin
Potent hypoglycaemic agent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does insulin promote?

A

Enhances transport of glucose into cells
Counters metabolic activity that would enhance BGL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Insulin is what type of receptor?

A

Tyrosine kinase enzyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does insulin binding trigger:

A
  • Catalyses oxidation of glucose for ATP production
  • Polymerises glucose to form glycogen
  • Converts glucose to fat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the NHS definition of Diabetes

A

Diabetes is a lifelong condition that causes a persons blood sugar level to become too high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Overview of diabetes

A

A disease of high glucose, but also BP
Common and expensive
Associated with significant morbidity
With training and support can be an aged well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Diagnosing diabetes Mellitus

A
  • Urine analysis for glucose
  • Blood glucose values
  • Oral glucose tolerance test - Gold standard
  • Glycated haemoglobin - HbA1c
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Are urine analysis for glucose useful

A

Useful but not enough
Not sensitive or specific
But glucose in urine should always be investigated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Values for random glucose test

A

Diabetes mellitus if more than 11.1 mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Values for fasting glucose test

A

Diabetes mellitus will have range bigger than 7.0 mmol/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How to conduct oral glucose tolerance test

A

Fasting state
Measure glucose at time 0hrs
75g glucose drink over 5mins
Wait 2hrs
Measure glucose at time 2hrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the normal range for glycated haemoglobin

A

48-58 mmol/mol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the role of insulin

A

Anabolic hormone
- maintain supply of glucose in tissues
- regulates metabolism in muscle
- promotes protein synthesis
- inhibit breakdown of fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the precursor of insulin

A

Proinsulin

17
Q

What is type 1 diabetes

A

Genetic cause
Where body’s IMS attacks and destroys the cells that produce insulin

18
Q

What is type 2 diabetes

A

Where the body doesn’t prod enough insulin, or the body’s cells don’t react to insulin

19
Q

What is gestational diabetes?

A

During pregnancy, some women have high levels of BG
Body unable to produce enough insulin to absorb it all

20
Q

What is the onset of type 1 diabetes

A

Under 40 years

21
Q

Population of Britain that have type 1

A

0.3%

22
Q

Describe a glucose profile for diabetes patient

A

Dawn phenomenon in diabetes patient: high BG Cortisol levels high in the morning
Evening meal: BGL rise
Mean BG higher for patient with diabetes, peaks are more pronounced and more variability

23
Q

Values for hypoglycaemia

A

4 mmol/L

24
Q

Symptoms of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes

A

Weight loss
Tiredness/ coma: brain not getting enough glucose
Infection - as BGL increases, immunity deceases (candidiasis, urine infection, abscesses)
Osmotic symptoms

25
Q

What are osmotic symptoms of diabetes

A

Polyuria: glucose excreted in large volume of urine
Thirst: polydipsia
Blurred vision: high BGL cause water to be pulled out of lens. Lens changes shape causing blurred vision.

26
Q

How to test patients for diabetes

A

If have symptoms of diabetes only need 1 diagnostic test to confirm
If don’t have symptoms need 2 tests to confirm diabetes bcs some people asymptomatic

27
Q

Why is glycogen haemoglobin useful

A

Reflect previous 10 weeks of ambient circulating glucose
A good tool for monitoring whether an individual has good long term control of diabetes

28
Q

Diabetic results for glycogen haemoglobin

A

More than 48mmol/mol

29
Q

Who is glycated haemoglobin inappropriate for?

A

For all children and young people
Pregnant women
Patients on med that may cause rapid glucose rise (steroids)
Suspicion of type 1 diabetic symptoms for less than 2 months

30
Q

What should you do after diagnosis of diabetes

A

Obtains a HBA1C (to see starting point of diabetes), check kidney function and retinography - eyes and feet

31
Q

Symptoms of type 1

A

feeling very thirsty.
urinating more frequently than usual, particularly at night.
feeling very tired.
weight loss and loss of muscle bulk.
itchiness around the genital area, or regular bouts of thrush (a yeast infection)
blurred vision caused by the lens of your eye changing shape.

32
Q

What is Osmotic diuresis

A

Polydipsia
Polyuria
Dehydration

Increased glucose causes excessive water, electrolyte (Na, K) and glucose loss in the urine

33
Q

Types of ketone bodies

A

Acetone
Acetoacetate
Beta hydroxybutyrate

CEP (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions