Diabetes Flashcards
How does diabetes mellitus affect appetite and weight?
Increased appetite
Weight loss
Do the different types of diabetes affect demeanour? (Mellitus, insipidus, ketoacidosis)
Diabetes mellitus - BAR
Diabetes insipidus - BAR
Diabetic ketoacidosis - lethargic
How does diabetes mellitus affect: Muscle Liver size Eyes (dogs) Ortho (cats)?
Muscle atrophy
Hepatomegaly
Bilateral cataracts, lens induced uveitis, retinoneuropathy
Diabetic neuropathy - flat hocks
What changes may be seen on biochemistry with diabetes mellitus?
Hypergylcaemia Increased fructosamine Hyperlipidaemia Metabolic acidosis Increased ALP
What visual changes may be seen to blood serum with diabetes mellitus?
Lipaemic serum
What changes may be seen on urinalysis with diabetes mellitus?
Glucosuria
Low USG
What causes diabetes mellitus in dogs?
Immune mediated
Beta islet destruction
(Type 1)
What causes diabetes mellitus in cats?
Obesity leading to insulin resistance
Type 2
How is diabetes treated in dogs?
Caninsulin/lentinsulin BID (life long)
Lifestyle changes - diet high in fibre and carbs
Glipizide (oral anti-hyperglycaemic drug)
How is diabetes treated in cats?
Caninsulin or prozinc BID (life long)
Lifestyle changes - weight loss, low carb diet
If an animal with diabetes mellitus is not eating, what should be done to the insulin dose?
Reduce dose by 50%
What is diabetic ketoacidosis? What causes it?
Complication of unregulated diabetes mellitus
Caused by stress, inadequate insulin or concurrent disease
What are the clinical signs of diabetic ketoacidosis?
Vomiting Inappetance Dehydration Weakness Tachypnoea Acetone breath
What haematological changes may be seen with diabetic ketoacidosis?
Anaemia Stress leukogram (SMILE)
What biochemistry changes may be seen with diabetic ketoacidosis?
Marked hyperglycaemia
Hypokalaemia
Acidosis
What urinalysis changes may be seen with diabetic ketoacidosis?
Ketonuria
Glucosuria
Low USG
(Same as DM + ketonuria)
How is diabetic ketoacidosis diagnosed?
Ketonuria + DM
How is diabetic ketoacidosis treated?
IVFT
Insulin CRI
Supplement potassium
Dextrose supplementation?
What are the clinical signs of diabetes insipidus?
Severe polydipsia >200ml/kg/day (PD = 100ml/kg/day)
Polyuria (PUPD)
Otherwise clinically normal!
What changes may be seen with diabetes insipidus on urinalysis?
Hyposthenuria (USG <1.008)
How is diabetes insipidus diagnosed?
Rule out other causes
Trial desmopression
Water deprivation test (last resort - requires close monitoring for dehydration)
What is the treatment for diabetes insipidus?
Desmopressin
replaces low levels of vasopressin
What are the two causes of diabetes insipidus?
Central - lack of ADH production in pituitary
Nephrogenic - lack of response to ADH (metabolic problem or renal)
