Diabetes Flashcards
0
Q
The primary organ involved in diabetes mellitus is the?
A
Pancreas
1
Q
What is the abbreviation for hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state?
A
HHS
2
Q
Where is the pancreas located?
A
Behind the stomach between the spleen and the duodenum.
3
Q
Describe the two functions of the pancreas
A
1) Acini cells secrete digestive enzymes into the duodenum.
2) the Islets of Langerhans release insulin and glucagon.
4
Q
What is hyperglycemia?
A
High blood glucose level
5
Q
What is hypoglycemia?
A
Low blood glucose level
6
Q
What two hormones must be balanced to prevent hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia?
A
Insulin and glucagon
7
Q
What cells in the Islets of Langerhans produce insulin?
A
Beta cells
8
Q
The primary function of insulin is to
A
Regulate blood glucose levels
9
Q
How does insulin regulate blood glucose levels?
A
Insulin eases the active transport of glucose into muscle and fat cells
10
Q
Insulin facilitates
A
Fat formation
11
Q
Complete the sentence
Insulin inhibits the breakdown and movement of __________ _________
A
Stored fat
12
Q
Insulin helps move amino acids into cells for?
A
Protein synthesis
13
Q
Glucose unused by the cells stored in the liver and muscle cells are known as
A
Glycogen
14
Q
Complete the sentence
If there is excess glucose it is converted into fat and stored as __________ ________
A
Adipose tissue
15
Q
When does insulin release increase?
A
When blood glucose level rise
16
Q
When does insulin levels decrease?
A
When blood glucose levels fall
17
Q
Fill in the blank
When a person eats food, insulin levels rise in minutes, peak in ___ to 60minutes, and return to baseline in _____ to ______ hours
A
Peak 30-60 minutes, baseline 2-3 hours
18
Q
What cells in the islets of Langerhans produce glucagon?
A
Alpha cells
19
Q
Glucagon prevents blood glucose from?
A
Decreasing when the body is fasting or between meals
20
Q
Define gluconeogenesis
A
When glucagon makes new glucose
21
Q
Define glycogenolysis
A
When glucagon converts glycogen into glucose in the liver and muscle
22
Q
Complete the sentence
Glucagon _______ excess glucose breakdown
A
Prevents
23
Q
Complete the sentence
The primary function of glucagon is to _______ glucose oxidation and to ______ blood glucose
A
Decrease, increase
24
Glucagon is released when blood glucose falls below
70 mg/dL
25
Explain what Counter-regulatory hormones are
Hormones that help increase glucose levels.
26
List some examples of counter regulatory hormones
Epinephrine, growth hormone, and cortisol
27
Normal blood glucose is maintained in healthy people through a balance of actions between?
Insulin and glucagon
28
According to SMH and the Burke textbook normal blood glucose is defined as
70 to 110 mg/dL
29
Refer to Figure 34-3 on page 883 and complete the paragraph.
When there is high blood glucose in the body the pancreas releases _____. This causes the cells to take up _____ from the blood or the liver to produce _______. This allow the blood glucose to fall.
When there is high blood glucose in the body the pancreas releases _INSULIN_. This causes the cells to take up _GLUCOSE_ from the blood or the liver to produce _GLYCOGEN_. This allow the blood glucose to fall.
30
Refer to Figure 34-3 on page 883 and complete the paragraph
When there is low blood glucose the pancreas releases ______ which makes the liver break down __________ causing the blood sugar to rise.
When there is low blood glucose the pancreas releases _GLUCAGON_ which makes the liver break down _GLYCOGEN_ causing the blood sugar to rise.
31
List the three laboratory tests for the pancreas
Fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and two hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
32
What are the normal values for the glycosylated hemoglobin test? (HbA1c)
5.5% to 7%
33
What are the normal lab values for the two hour oral glucose tolerance test? (OGTT)
Less than 125mg/dL
34
What test determines the level of glucose 2 hours after drinking 75g of glucose?
Two hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
35
What test is uses to measure glucose control during the previous 3 months and is not used to diagnose diabetes mellitus.
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)
36
What test measures circulating blood glucose levels?
Fasting blood glucose
37
What laboratory test is done fasting?
Fasting blood glucose
38
What laboratory test does not require fasting?
HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin
39
What laboratory test requires a client to be NPO for 12 hours before the test then drink entire 100g of glucose and not eat anything else until blood is drawn
Two hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
40
Define diabetes mellitus
A common chronic disease of adults due to insufficient supply of insulin, ineffective insulin action or both
41
Fill in the blank
| Depending on the type of diabetes and the client's age, client _______ and _______ ______ may vary greatly.
Depending on the type of diabetes and the client's age, client _NEEDS_ and _NURSING_ _CARE_ may vary greatly.
42
What is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States that has over $134 billion spent on health care?
Diabetes mellitus.
43
Type 2 diabetes is common in
```
Older adults
African American women
Hispanic women
Native Americans
Asians
Pacific Islanders
Obesity
```
44
True or False
| Diabetes mellitus can be cured
False
45
The primary organ involved in diabetes mellitus is the?
Pancreas
46
Where is the pancreas located?
Behind the stomach between the spleen and the duodenum.
47
Describe the two functions of the pancreas
1) Acini cells secrete digestive enzymes into the duodenum.
| 2) the Islets of Langerhans release insulin and glucagon.
48
What is hyperglycemia?
High blood glucose level
49
What is hypoglycemia?
Low blood glucose level
50
What two hormones must be balanced to prevent hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia?
Insulin and glucagon
51
What cells in the Islets of Langerhans produce insulin?
Beta cells
52
The primary function of insulin is to
Regulate blood glucose levels
53
How does insulin regulate blood glucose levels?
Insulin eases the active transport of glucose into muscle and fat cells
54
Insulin facilitates
Fat formation
55
Complete the sentence
| Insulin inhibits the breakdown and movement of __________ _________
Stored fat
56
Insulin helps move amino acids into cells for?
Protein synthesis
57
Glucose unused by the cells stored in the liver and muscle cells are known as
Glycogen
58
Complete the sentence
| If there is excess glucose it is converted into fat and stored as __________ ________
Adipose tissue
59
When does insulin release increase?
When blood glucose level rise
60
When does insulin levels decrease?
When blood glucose levels fall
61
Fill in the blank
When a person eats food, insulin levels rise in minutes, peak in ___ to 60minutes, and return to baseline in _____ to ______ hours
Peak 30-60 minutes, baseline 2-3 hours
62
What cells in the islets of Langerhans produce glucagon?
Alpha cells
63
Blood glucose levels increase during periods of
Hypoglycemia
Stress
Growth
Increased metabolic demands
64
Blood glucose control is essential to reduce complications that often affect the
Cardiovascular system, kidneys, eyes, and nerves
65
Fill in the blank
| People with diabetes are at higher risk for ____ and ________ than people with out it.
Heart disease and stroke
66
Fill in the blank
| ____________ amputations occur ________ frequently in people with diabetes
Nontraumatic, more
67
What two terms refer to diabetes mellitus?
Diabetes, DM
68
Type 1 diabetes was formally known as
Type 1 diabetes mellitus, juvenile onset diabetes mellitus, or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
69
Type 2 diabetes was formally known as?
Type 2 non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult onset diabetes
70
Explain the process of type 1 diabetes
An autoimmune response destroys the beta cells in the pancreas. Without insulin the cells starve and burn fats&proteins for energy causing ketosis.
71
What are the manifestations of type 1 diabetes?
```
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Weight loss
Fatigue
Malaise
Blurred vision
```
72
List the Manifestations of type 2 diabetes
```
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Recurrent infections
Obesity
Fatigue
Blurred vision
Paresthesia
```
73
What viral infections have been linked to type 1 diabetes
Mumps, rubella, or coxsackie4
74
Type 2 DM is characterized by
Hyperglycemia due to insufficient insulin production and insulin resistance
75
Risk factors of type two diabetes
Obesity, physical inactivity, illnesses, increasing age and belonging to a high risk ethnic group
76
High blood glucose levels lead to
Cataracts, blurred vision, and destruction of peripheral nerves. Resulting in parethesias.
77
Treatment of diabetes is maintaining blood glucose levels through
Medications, diet, and exercise
78
Three laboratory tests used to screen for DM are
Plasma glucose level (PG), fasting blood glucose (FBG) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
79
What is the preferred diabetes laboratory test and why?
FBG (fasting blood glucose) because it is easier to administer, more convenient, and economical than the others
80
List the diagnostic criteria of diabetes
Plasma Glucose concentration greater than 200mg/dL
Eight hour fasting PG greater than 126 mg/dL
Two hour PG greater than 200
81
True or false
| SMBG stands for self monitoring blood glucose
True
82
What insulin can be given IV?
Regular
83
True or false
Delayed insulin release from the pancreas, decreased tissue sensitivity to insulin, or both leads to decreasing glucose tolerance
True
84
Define pre diabetes
People at risk of diabetes
85
Most common diagnostic tests to monitor diabetes management are
FBG, glycosylated hemoglobin, urine glucose, ketone levels, serum cholesterol, and triglyceride levels.
86
Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels are indicators of
Atherosclerosis and CVD
87
One must raise their HDL to what?
Greater than 45 mg/dL
88
LDL must be less than
100 mg/dL
89
List three rapid acting insulins.
Humalog (lispro)
Novolog (aspart)
Apidra (glulisine)
90
List two examples of short acting insulin
Regular
- Novolin R
- Humulin R
91
List intermediate insulin
NPH -Novolin N. Humulin R
| Novolin NPH 70/30 regular
