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Diabetes Flashcards

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0
Q

The primary organ involved in diabetes mellitus is the?

A

Pancreas

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1
Q

What is the abbreviation for hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state?

A

HHS

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2
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

Behind the stomach between the spleen and the duodenum.

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3
Q

Describe the two functions of the pancreas

A

1) Acini cells secrete digestive enzymes into the duodenum.

2) the Islets of Langerhans release insulin and glucagon.

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4
Q

What is hyperglycemia?

A

High blood glucose level

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5
Q

What is hypoglycemia?

A

Low blood glucose level

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6
Q

What two hormones must be balanced to prevent hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia?

A

Insulin and glucagon

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7
Q

What cells in the Islets of Langerhans produce insulin?

A

Beta cells

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8
Q

The primary function of insulin is to

A

Regulate blood glucose levels

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9
Q

How does insulin regulate blood glucose levels?

A

Insulin eases the active transport of glucose into muscle and fat cells

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10
Q

Insulin facilitates

A

Fat formation

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11
Q

Complete the sentence

Insulin inhibits the breakdown and movement of __________ _________

A

Stored fat

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12
Q

Insulin helps move amino acids into cells for?

A

Protein synthesis

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13
Q

Glucose unused by the cells stored in the liver and muscle cells are known as

A

Glycogen

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14
Q

Complete the sentence

If there is excess glucose it is converted into fat and stored as __________ ________

A

Adipose tissue

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15
Q

When does insulin release increase?

A

When blood glucose level rise

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16
Q

When does insulin levels decrease?

A

When blood glucose levels fall

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17
Q

Fill in the blank
When a person eats food, insulin levels rise in minutes, peak in ___ to 60minutes, and return to baseline in _____ to ______ hours

A

Peak 30-60 minutes, baseline 2-3 hours

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18
Q

What cells in the islets of Langerhans produce glucagon?

A

Alpha cells

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19
Q

Glucagon prevents blood glucose from?

A

Decreasing when the body is fasting or between meals

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20
Q

Define gluconeogenesis

A

When glucagon makes new glucose

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21
Q

Define glycogenolysis

A

When glucagon converts glycogen into glucose in the liver and muscle

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22
Q

Complete the sentence

Glucagon _______ excess glucose breakdown

A

Prevents

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23
Q

Complete the sentence

The primary function of glucagon is to _______ glucose oxidation and to ______ blood glucose

A

Decrease, increase

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24
Q

Glucagon is released when blood glucose falls below

A

70 mg/dL

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25
Q

Explain what Counter-regulatory hormones are

A

Hormones that help increase glucose levels.

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26
Q

List some examples of counter regulatory hormones

A

Epinephrine, growth hormone, and cortisol

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27
Q

Normal blood glucose is maintained in healthy people through a balance of actions between?

A

Insulin and glucagon

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28
Q

According to SMH and the Burke textbook normal blood glucose is defined as

A

70 to 110 mg/dL

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29
Q

Refer to Figure 34-3 on page 883 and complete the paragraph.
When there is high blood glucose in the body the pancreas releases _____. This causes the cells to take up _____ from the blood or the liver to produce _______. This allow the blood glucose to fall.

A

When there is high blood glucose in the body the pancreas releases INSULIN. This causes the cells to take up GLUCOSE from the blood or the liver to produce GLYCOGEN. This allow the blood glucose to fall.

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30
Q

Refer to Figure 34-3 on page 883 and complete the paragraph
When there is low blood glucose the pancreas releases ______ which makes the liver break down __________ causing the blood sugar to rise.

A

When there is low blood glucose the pancreas releases GLUCAGON which makes the liver break down GLYCOGEN causing the blood sugar to rise.

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31
Q

List the three laboratory tests for the pancreas

A

Fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and two hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)

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32
Q

What are the normal values for the glycosylated hemoglobin test? (HbA1c)

A

5.5% to 7%

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33
Q

What are the normal lab values for the two hour oral glucose tolerance test? (OGTT)

A

Less than 125mg/dL

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34
Q

What test determines the level of glucose 2 hours after drinking 75g of glucose?

A

Two hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)

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35
Q

What test is uses to measure glucose control during the previous 3 months and is not used to diagnose diabetes mellitus.

A

Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)

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36
Q

What test measures circulating blood glucose levels?

A

Fasting blood glucose

37
Q

What laboratory test is done fasting?

A

Fasting blood glucose

38
Q

What laboratory test does not require fasting?

A

HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin

39
Q

What laboratory test requires a client to be NPO for 12 hours before the test then drink entire 100g of glucose and not eat anything else until blood is drawn

A

Two hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)

40
Q

Define diabetes mellitus

A

A common chronic disease of adults due to insufficient supply of insulin, ineffective insulin action or both

41
Q

Fill in the blank

Depending on the type of diabetes and the client’s age, client _______ and _______ ______ may vary greatly.

A

Depending on the type of diabetes and the client’s age, client NEEDS and NURSING CARE may vary greatly.

42
Q

What is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States that has over $134 billion spent on health care?

A

Diabetes mellitus.

43
Q

Type 2 diabetes is common in

A 
Older adults
African American women
Hispanic women
Native Americans
Asians
Pacific Islanders
Obesity
44
Q

True or False

Diabetes mellitus can be cured

A

False

45
Q

The primary organ involved in diabetes mellitus is the?

A

Pancreas

46
Q

Where is the pancreas located?

A

Behind the stomach between the spleen and the duodenum.

47
Q

Describe the two functions of the pancreas

A

1) Acini cells secrete digestive enzymes into the duodenum.

2) the Islets of Langerhans release insulin and glucagon.

48
Q

What is hyperglycemia?

A

High blood glucose level

49
Q

What is hypoglycemia?

A

Low blood glucose level

50
Q

What two hormones must be balanced to prevent hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia?

A

Insulin and glucagon

51
Q

What cells in the Islets of Langerhans produce insulin?

A

Beta cells

52
Q

The primary function of insulin is to

A

Regulate blood glucose levels

53
Q

How does insulin regulate blood glucose levels?

A

Insulin eases the active transport of glucose into muscle and fat cells

54
Q

Insulin facilitates

A

Fat formation

55
Q

Complete the sentence

Insulin inhibits the breakdown and movement of __________ _________

A

Stored fat

56
Q

Insulin helps move amino acids into cells for?

A

Protein synthesis

57
Q

Glucose unused by the cells stored in the liver and muscle cells are known as

A

Glycogen

58
Q

Complete the sentence

If there is excess glucose it is converted into fat and stored as __________ ________

A

Adipose tissue

59
Q

When does insulin release increase?

A

When blood glucose level rise

60
Q

When does insulin levels decrease?

A

When blood glucose levels fall

61
Q

Fill in the blank
When a person eats food, insulin levels rise in minutes, peak in ___ to 60minutes, and return to baseline in _____ to ______ hours

A

Peak 30-60 minutes, baseline 2-3 hours

62
Q

What cells in the islets of Langerhans produce glucagon?

A

Alpha cells

63
Q

Blood glucose levels increase during periods of

A

Hypoglycemia
Stress
Growth
Increased metabolic demands

64
Q

Blood glucose control is essential to reduce complications that often affect the

A

Cardiovascular system, kidneys, eyes, and nerves

65
Q

Fill in the blank

People with diabetes are at higher risk for ____ and ________ than people with out it.

A

Heart disease and stroke

66
Q

Fill in the blank

____________ amputations occur ________ frequently in people with diabetes

A

Nontraumatic, more

67
Q

What two terms refer to diabetes mellitus?

A

Diabetes, DM

68
Q

Type 1 diabetes was formally known as

A

Type 1 diabetes mellitus, juvenile onset diabetes mellitus, or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)

69
Q

Type 2 diabetes was formally known as?

A

Type 2 non insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult onset diabetes

70
Q

Explain the process of type 1 diabetes

A

An autoimmune response destroys the beta cells in the pancreas. Without insulin the cells starve and burn fats&proteins for energy causing ketosis.

71
Q

What are the manifestations of type 1 diabetes?

A 
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Weight loss
Fatigue
Malaise
Blurred vision
72
Q

List the Manifestations of type 2 diabetes

A 
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Recurrent infections
Obesity
Fatigue
Blurred vision
Paresthesia
73
Q

What viral infections have been linked to type 1 diabetes

A

Mumps, rubella, or coxsackie4

74
Q

Type 2 DM is characterized by

A

Hyperglycemia due to insufficient insulin production and insulin resistance

75
Q

Risk factors of type two diabetes

A

Obesity, physical inactivity, illnesses, increasing age and belonging to a high risk ethnic group

76
Q

High blood glucose levels lead to

A

Cataracts, blurred vision, and destruction of peripheral nerves. Resulting in parethesias.

77
Q

Treatment of diabetes is maintaining blood glucose levels through

A

Medications, diet, and exercise

78
Q

Three laboratory tests used to screen for DM are

A

Plasma glucose level (PG), fasting blood glucose (FBG) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)

79
Q

What is the preferred diabetes laboratory test and why?

A

FBG (fasting blood glucose) because it is easier to administer, more convenient, and economical than the others

80
Q

List the diagnostic criteria of diabetes

A

Plasma Glucose concentration greater than 200mg/dL
Eight hour fasting PG greater than 126 mg/dL
Two hour PG greater than 200

81
Q

True or false

SMBG stands for self monitoring blood glucose

A

True

82
Q

What insulin can be given IV?

A

Regular

83
Q

True or false
Delayed insulin release from the pancreas, decreased tissue sensitivity to insulin, or both leads to decreasing glucose tolerance

A

True

84
Q

Define pre diabetes

A

People at risk of diabetes

85
Q

Most common diagnostic tests to monitor diabetes management are

A

FBG, glycosylated hemoglobin, urine glucose, ketone levels, serum cholesterol, and triglyceride levels.

86
Q

Serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels are indicators of

A

Atherosclerosis and CVD

87
Q

One must raise their HDL to what?

A

Greater than 45 mg/dL

88
Q

LDL must be less than

A

100 mg/dL

89
Q

List three rapid acting insulins.

A

Humalog (lispro)
Novolog (aspart)
Apidra (glulisine)

90
Q

List two examples of short acting insulin

A

Regular

  • Novolin R
  • Humulin R
91
Q

List intermediate insulin

A

NPH -Novolin N. Humulin R

Novolin NPH 70/30 regular

Medical Surgical Nursing Care (2 decks)

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