Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 3: Medicine Block ENDOCRINOLOGY year5 > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

What are some adverse effects of insulin?

A
  • Hypoglycaemia - too much insulin
  • Hyperglycaemia - too little insulin
  • Lipodystrophy (lipohypertrophy or lipoatrophy)
  • Painful injections
  • Insulin allergies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why does blood glucose rise?

A
  • Inability to produce insulin due to beta cell failure and/or
  • Insulin production adequate but insulin resistance prevents insulin working effectively
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the effects of metformin?

A
  • Anti-hyperglycaemic effect by lowering basal and postprandial blood-glucose concentrations
  • Decreases gluconeogenesis (hepatic glucose production)
  • Acts In the presence of endogenous Insulin
  • Decrease insulin resistance leading to increased glucose use by tissues
  • Weight neutral
  • Decrease In cardiovascular events
  • Can be combined with all other diabetes medications
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some side effects of Metformin?

A
  • GI symptoms
  • Lactic acidosis rare
  • Vitamin B12 deficiency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are contraindications to Metformin?

A
  • CKD <30ml/min
  • Metabolic acidosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some examples of Sulfonylureas?

A
  • Glicazide
  • Glimepiride
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the effects of Sulfonylureas?

A
  • Stimulate beta cells to release insulin
  • Extensive use decreases macrovascular risk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the side effects of Sulfonylureas?

A
  • Weight gain
  • Hypoglycaemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the effects of Acarbose?

A
  • Inhibits breakdown of carbohydrate to glucose by blocking action of the enzyme alpha Glucosidase
  • Modest reduction in HbA1c
  • Rarely used
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the side effects of Acarbose?

A
  • Flatulence
  • Loose stools
  • Diarrhoea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the types of Glucagon like peptide 1 receptor agonists?

A
  • Exanatide
  • Liraglutide
  • Lixisenatide

injectable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the physiological effects of Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists? (Exanatide, Liraglutide, Lixisenatide)

A
  • Decrease food intake through increase satiety
  • Decrease gastric emptying
  • Increase insulin biosynthesis
  • Increase glucose uptake in muscle
  • Decrease glucose producton from liver
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the side effects of Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists?

A
  • Gastrointestinal symptoms, nausea, loose stools or diarrhoea
  • Gastro oesophageal reflux
  • Low risk of hypoglycaemia
  • Occasional painful to inject
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When are Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists not used?

A
  • Avoid if eGFR <30ml/min
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the general effects of Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists?

A
  • Increase insulin secretion from beta cells
  • Decreases production of glucagon from alpha cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the effects of Gliptins or DPP-4 inhibitors?

A
  • Inhibition of DPP-4 enzyme activity increasing post prandial active GLP-1 concentrations that is naturally occurring due to less breakdown of GLP-1
  • Weight neutral
  • Modest HbA1c reduction
17
Q

What are the side effects of Gliptins or DPP-4 inhibitors?

A
  • GI symptoms
  • Low risk of hypoglycaemia
18
Q

What are the effects of Glifozins?

A
  • Reversibly inhibits sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 in the renal proximal convoluted tubule to reduce glucose reabsorption and increase urinary glucose excretion
  • Can be used for patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes as add on therapy
19
Q

What are the side effects of Glifozins?

A
  • Increased risk of lower urinary tract symptoms including genital and urinary symptoms especially in women
  • Polyuria
  • Hypoglycaemia risk low
20
Q

What are the effects of Glitazone?

A
  • Increased sensitivity in muscle and adipose tissue
  • Decreased hepatic glucose output
  • Bond to and activate one or more peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
  • Can be used in combination with other oral agents
  • Cardiovascular concerns with Rosiglitazone
21
Q

What are some common side effects of Piogliatozone?

A
  • CVS concerns
  • Weight gain
  • Fluid retention
  • Heart failure
  • Bone metabolism
  • Bladder cancer
22
Q

What are examples of Glitazones?

A
  • Rosiglitazone
  • Pioglatizone

Year 3: Medicine Block ENDOCRINOLOGY year5 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions