Diabetes 1

Question 1

What is Insulin?

Answer 1

A Major Anabolic hormone

Question 2

Name the three main actions of Insulin

Answer 2

Rapid - Active Transport of glucose + amino acids from blood
Intermediate - Promotes enzyme action (Glucose -> glycogen in liver)
Long-term - Promotion of growth

Question 3

What is diabetes?

Answer 3

If you don’t know this you’re in bother son

“This won’t come up” - colm Kennedy

Question 4

Describe the classification of type 1 and 2 diabetes

Answer 4

Type 1: body cannot produce insulin, acute onset, normally presents before age 40
Type 2: body cannot make enough insulin / insulin does not work properly, often present for years, generally over 40 years

Question 5

Why is prevalence of diabetes increasing? (Primarily type 2)

Answer 5

Aging, Population growth, increasing prevalence of obesity and physical inactivity

Question 6

Describe the pathology of type 1 diabetes

Answer 6

Absolute insulin deficiency, autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells by antibodies, no clear cause

Question 7

Describe symptoms of type 1 diabetes as a consequence of high blood glucose levels

Answer 7

Exercise urination and thirst (polyuria and polydipsia), Visual disturbances and fungal infections

Question 8

Describe symptoms of type 1 diabetes as metabolic consequences of imprinted glucose utilisation

Answer 8

Fatigue, hunger, weight loss, ketone production (breath and urine) -> diabetic ketoacidosis

Question 9

Describe the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes (WHO diagnostic criteria)

Answer 9

Symptoms plus one of:
- Fasting venous plasma glucose ≥ 7 mmol/l
- Venous Plasma glucose ≥ 11.11 mmol/l 2 hours after OGTT
- Random venous plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol

Question 10

Describe the causes of type 2 diabetes

Answer 10

Absolute insulin deficiency, relative insulin deficiency, insensitivity to insulin

Question 11

Describe the risk factors of type 2 diabetes

Answer 11

Over 40 years old, High BP, heart disease, previous stroke, family history of gestational or type 2 diabetes, overweight, sedentary lifestyle

Question 12

Describe the presentation of type 2 diabetes

Answer 12

Initial -> Thrush, blurred vision, slow healing, chest pain, erectile dysfunction
Eventual -> Polyuria (esp at night), polydipsia, extreme tiredness, weight loss

Question 13

Describe the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes

Answer 13

Symptoms plus one of:
- Random plasma glucose ≥ 11.1mmol/l
- Fasting plasma glucose ≥ 7.0mmol/l
- Plasma glucose 2 hours after an OGTT ≥ 11.1 mmol/l
- HbA1c > 48mmol/mol (6.5%)