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developing fuels > DF 3 - what's in your tank > Flashcards

DF 3 - what's in your tank Flashcards

specification reference - (l) (m) (r)

1
Q

what is petrol and diesel a mixture of

A

many different compounds carefully blended to give the right properties.

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2
Q

how are the compounds in petrol and diesel for e.g obtained

A

from crude oil

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3
Q

what is crude oil

A

a mixture of hydrocarbons. a thick black liquid with gases and solids dissolved in it.

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4
Q

how is crude oil obtained

A

oil from the north sea is pumped along pipes on the seabed to UK refineries and special tankers bring curde oil from distant oilfields. (Middle East & Alaska). these refineries are either close to the shore is the oil is off-loaded into a pipeline leading to a refinery

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5
Q

what can crude oil also contain

A

small amounts of other compounds and may contain sulfur
when the sulfur in the crude oil is burnt it produces sulfur dioxide which can lead to acid rain

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6
Q

how is crude oil separated by

A

fractional distillation

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7
Q

why does crude oil need to be separated

A

it isn’t useful as a mixture (different hydrocarbons make up the mixture)

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8
Q

which hydrocarbon does crude oil mostly contain

A

alkanes

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9
Q

how is the mixture separated

A

into fractions based on their boiling point

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10
Q

what does each fraction consist of

A

similar chain length hydrocarbons with similar boiling point

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11
Q

what determines which fraction each hydrocarbon molecule will be separated into

A

the size and length of each hydrocarbon molecule. the size of each molecules relates to how many carbon and hydrogen atoms molecules contain

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12
Q

where is fractional distillation carried out

A

in a fractionating column

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13
Q

what does the fractionating column contain

A

a temperature gradient - its hot at the bottom and cool at the top

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14
Q

describe the process of fractional distillation

A
  • crude oil enters the fractionating column and is heated so vapours rise.
  • hydrocarbons with high boiling points condense in higher temperatures at the bottom of the column
  • hydrocarbons with low boiling points condense in lower temperatures at the top of the column
  • the condense and tap off as liquids
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15
Q

what are the hydrocarbons at the top of the fractionating column most likely to be

A

gases

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16
Q

where are the bigger hydrocarbons usually located in the fractionating column

A

at the lower sections of the fractionating column

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17
Q

what is needed for fractional distillation to occur

A

heat

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18
Q

do the fractions have an exact boiling point

A

no because they are mixture of different hydrocarbons

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19
Q

which fractions are the sources of petrol components

A

the gasoline and gas oil fractions

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20
Q

how many electrons does carbon have in its outer shell

A

4 electrons

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21
Q

how could carbon achieve stability theoretically

A

by losing or gaining 4 electrons

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22
Q

why cant carbon gain or lose 4 electrons

A

this is too many electrons to lose or gain. the ions would have a very high charge

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23
Q

which bonds do carbon compounds form

A

covalent

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24
Q

how does the carbon in methane achieve stability

A

the carbon atoms acheives stability by sharing its outer electrons with four hydrogen atoms forming four C-H covalent bonds

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25
Q

what can carbon form when forming strong covalent bonds with itself

A

chains and rings of its atoms joined by C-C covalent bonds

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26
Q

what is catenation

A

Catenation is the self-linking of atoms of an element to create chains and rings.

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27
Q

how many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form

A

4

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28
Q

what is special about the chains of carbon

A

the chain may be straight or branched and can have other atoms or groups substituted on them

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29
Q

what is a hydrocarbon

A

chemicals which are only made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms

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30
Q

how are the carbons and hydrogen atoms arranged in hydrocarbons

A

the carbon atoms are joined into chains of different lengths. the hydrogen atoms come off the carbon atoms

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31
Q

name the different types of hydrocarbon

A

alkanes
alkenes
arenes
cycloalkanes

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32
Q

what is benzene

A

it is an arene with formula C6H6.
it is a ring with six carbon atoms. inside the ring is an area of delocalised electrons

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33
Q

what are aromatic compounds

A

compounds that contain a benzene ring

34
Q

what are aliphatic compounds

A

compounds that do not contain benzene ring

35
Q

which hydrocarbons form the unreactive framework of organic compounds

A

alkenes and arenes

36
Q

what is an alkane

A

unsaturated hydrocarbons containing single bonds

37
Q

what do alkanes end in

A

-“ane”

38
Q

what is the general formula for alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

39
Q

name the first four alkanes and their molecular formula

A

methane - CH4
ethane - C2H6
propane - C3H8
butane - C4H10

40
Q

what is a homologous series

A

a family of organic compounds with the same functional group but a different carbon chain length. they have the same general formula and each member differs to the next by a CH2 group

41
Q

how does the length of the carbon chain affect reactivity and physical properties

A

it has little effect on the reactivity of the functional group but it will affect physical properties such as melting point, boiling point and solubility

42
Q

what is a functional group

A

Functional groups are specific groups of atoms that are present within organic molecules and are responsible for the characteristic properties and reactivity of those molecules.

43
Q

what is a general formula

A

​A type of empirical formula that represents the composition of any member of an entire class of compounds.

44
Q

what is a molecular formula

A

tells you how many atoms of each type are present in a molecule of the compound

45
Q

what is an empirical formula

A

gives the simplest ratio of the different types of atoms present

46
Q

what is a structural formula

A

formula which shows the arrangement of atoms in the molecule of a compound but does not show all the bonds between them.

47
Q

what is a skeletal formula

A

representation of molecular structure in which covalent bonds are shown as lines.
The symbols for all elements other than carbon and hydrogen are always drawn

48
Q

what is a cycloalkane

A

Cycloalkanes are the class of hydrocarbons having a ring-like structure. they are saturated

49
Q

give the first four cycloalkanes

A

cyclopropane
cyclobutane
cyclopentane
cyclohexane

50
Q

give the general formula of cycloalkanes

A

CnH2n (same as alkenes)

51
Q

what is different about cycloalkanes

A

they have two fewer hydrogens than the corresponding alkane

52
Q

do alkanes have straight or branched chains

A

they can have either

53
Q

what is the connection between a straight chain compound and a branched chain compound

A

it is often possible to draw more than one structural formula for a given molecular formula. there is often a straight chain compound and one ore more branched chain compounds with the same molecular formula

54
Q

what is a structural isomer

A

a compound with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangement of atoms

55
Q

give example of two isomers

A

butane and methylpropane
- both have molecular formula C4H10

56
Q

what is an alkyl group

A

if you remove a hydrogen from an alkane you get an alkyl group
this is what forms the side chains in branched alkanes

57
Q

name the first ten alkyl groups

A

methyl
ethyl
propyl
butyl
pentyl
hexyl
heptyl
octyl
nonyl
decyl

58
Q

what prefix do we add on if there is more than side chain

A

di = two
tri = three
tetra = four

59
Q

rules for naming branched alkanes

A

1) find the longest chain of carbons (5 carbon = pentane etc)
2) identify any side chains off the main chain
3) name these side chains
4) state the location of these side chains and keep the number as low as possible (if its on carbon 2, 3 etc)
5) if there is more than one side chain keep the numbering as low as possible. name them in alphabetical order (2-ethyl, 3 methyl for e.g)
6) if there are more than one of the same side chain use the prefixes di, tri, tetra
7) name the compound by starting with the side chains, location of them, the parent chain
8) use hyphens between numbers and letters and commas between numbers

60
Q

2,2,3 - trimethylbutane

A

four carbon atoms —> butane
3 side chains - all methyl –> tri
two are located on carbon 2, one is located on carbon 3
2,2,3 - trimethylbutane

61
Q

3-ethyl, 2-methylpentane

A

five carbon atoms –> pentane
2 side chains - 1 ethyl and 1 methyl
write in alphabetical order –> ethyl, methyl
ethyl on carbon 3, methyl on carbon 2
3-ethyl, 2-methylpentane

62
Q

how do we name cycloalkanes

A

have general formula - CnH2n
1) count the number of carbons in the cyclic structure and identify the appropiate prefix to name the alkane
2) add the alkane name to the end of cyclo

63
Q

what is an arene

A

unsaturated ring structure with general formula CnHn

64
Q

what is an alkene

A

unsaturated compounds with at least one carbon-carbon double bond

65
Q

general formula of alkenes

A

CnH2n

66
Q

name the first few alkenes

A

ethene - C2H4
propene - C3H6
but-1-ene - C4H8
but-2-ene - C4H8
pent-1-ene - C5H10
pent-2-ene - C5H10

67
Q

what is the difference between but-1-ene and but-2-ene

A

double bond is on carbon 1 on but-1-ene
double bond is on carbon 2 on but-2-ene

68
Q

3-methylhex-2-ene

A

six carbon atoms –> hex
hex-2-ene —> the double bond is on carbon 2
methyl side chain on carbon 3 - 3methyl
3-methylhex-2-ene

69
Q

what is the differenct between Z-But-2-ene and E-But-2-ene

A

in Z-but-2-ene the methyl groups are on the same side of the double bond
in E-but-2-ene the methyl groups are on opposite sides of the double bond

70
Q

how else is Z-but-2-ene and
E-but-2-ene named

A

Z –> cis-2-butene
E –> trans-2-butene

71
Q

what is 1,4-cyclohexadiene

A

6 carbon atoms - cyclohexene
two double bonds so its diene
—> cyclohexadiene
one double bond is on carbon 1 and the other is on carbon 4

72
Q

general formula of alcohols

A

CnH2n+1OH

73
Q

name the first few alcohols

A

methanol - CH3OH
ethanol - C2H5OH
propanol - C3H7OH
butanol - C4H8OH

74
Q

what is the difference between propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol

A

in propan-1-ol the OH is on carbon 1
in propan-2-ol the OH is on carbon 2

75
Q

rules for naming alcohols

A

1) name the alcohol using the root prefix of the longest chain
2) determine the position of the alcohol group -OH by counting the carbons to give the lowest number
3) Add -ol onto the end of the name

76
Q

how do we name an alcohol if its branched

A

just follow the rules for a branched alkane but replace the e at the end with ol and include the number the OH group is attached to

77
Q

2-methylpropan-1-ol

A

3 carbons –> prop
OH is on group 1 –> propan-1-ol
methyl side chain on carbon 2 –> 2-methyl
2-methlypropan-1-ol

78
Q

ethan-1,2-diol

A

two carbon atoms –> eth
two OH groups –> diol
one OH group on carbon 1, one OH group on carbon 2
ethan-1,2-diol

79
Q

2-3dimethylbutan-1-ol

A

4 carbon atoms –> but
OH on carbon 1 –> butan-1-ol
two side chains (both are methyl)
–> dimethyl
one side chain on carbon 1, the other on carbon 3 –> 2-3
2-3dimethylbutan-1-ol

80
Q

what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons

A

Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single covalent bonds while unsaturated hydrocarbons contain at least one or more double or triple carbon-carbon bonds.

developing fuels (11 decks)

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