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developing fuels > DF 3 - what's in your tank > Flashcards

DF 3 - what's in your tank Flashcards

specification reference - (l) (m) (r)

1
Q

what is petrol and diesel a mixture of

A

many different compounds carefully blended to give the right properties.

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2
Q

how are the compounds in petrol and diesel for e.g obtained

A

from crude oil

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3
Q

what is crude oil

A

a mixture of hydrocarbons. a thick black liquid with gases and solids dissolved in it.

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4
Q

how is crude oil obtained

A

oil from the north sea is pumped along pipes on the seabed to UK refineries and special tankers bring curde oil from distant oilfields. (Middle East & Alaska). these refineries are either close to the shore is the oil is off-loaded into a pipeline leading to a refinery

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5
Q

what can crude oil also contain

A

small amounts of other compounds and may contain sulfur
when the sulfur in the crude oil is burnt it produces sulfur dioxide which can lead to acid rain

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6
Q

how is crude oil separated by

A

fractional distillation

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7
Q

why does crude oil need to be separated

A

it isn’t useful as a mixture (different hydrocarbons make up the mixture)

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8
Q

which hydrocarbon does crude oil mostly contain

A

alkanes

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9
Q

how is the mixture separated

A

into fractions based on their boiling point

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10
Q

what does each fraction consist of

A

similar chain length hydrocarbons with similar boiling point

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11
Q

what determines which fraction each hydrocarbon molecule will be separated into

A

the size and length of each hydrocarbon molecule. the size of each molecules relates to how many carbon and hydrogen atoms molecules contain

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12
Q

where is fractional distillation carried out

A

in a fractionating column

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13
Q

what does the fractionating column contain

A

a temperature gradient - its hot at the bottom and cool at the top

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14
Q

describe the process of fractional distillation

A
  • crude oil enters the fractionating column and is heated so vapours rise.
  • hydrocarbons with high boiling points condense in higher temperatures at the bottom of the column
  • hydrocarbons with low boiling points condense in lower temperatures at the top of the column
  • the condense and tap off as liquids
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15
Q

what are the hydrocarbons at the top of the fractionating column most likely to be

A

gases

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16
Q

where are the bigger hydrocarbons usually located in the fractionating column

A

at the lower sections of the fractionating column

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17
Q

what is needed for fractional distillation to occur

A

heat

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18
Q

do the fractions have an exact boiling point

A

no because they are mixture of different hydrocarbons

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19
Q

which fractions are the sources of petrol components

A

the gasoline and gas oil fractions

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20
Q

how many electrons does carbon have in its outer shell

A

4 electrons

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21
Q

how could carbon achieve stability theoretically

A

by losing or gaining 4 electrons

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22
Q

why cant carbon gain or lose 4 electrons

A

this is too many electrons to lose or gain. the ions would have a very high charge

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23
Q

which bonds do carbon compounds form

A

covalent

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24
Q

how does the carbon in methane achieve stability

A

the carbon atoms acheives stability by sharing its outer electrons with four hydrogen atoms forming four C-H covalent bonds

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25
what can carbon form when forming strong covalent bonds with itself
chains and rings of its atoms joined by C-C covalent bonds
26
what is catenation
Catenation is the self-linking of atoms of an element to create chains and rings.
27
how many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form
4
28
what is special about the chains of carbon
the chain may be straight or branched and can have other atoms or groups substituted on them
29
what is a hydrocarbon
chemicals which are only made up of carbon and hydrogen atoms
30
how are the carbons and hydrogen atoms arranged in hydrocarbons
the carbon atoms are joined into chains of different lengths. the hydrogen atoms come off the carbon atoms
31
name the different types of hydrocarbon
alkanes alkenes arenes cycloalkanes
32
what is benzene
it is an arene with formula C6H6. it is a ring with six carbon atoms. inside the ring is an area of delocalised electrons
33
what are aromatic compounds
compounds that contain a benzene ring
34
what are aliphatic compounds
compounds that do not contain benzene ring
35
which hydrocarbons form the unreactive framework of organic compounds
alkenes and arenes
36
what is an alkane
unsaturated hydrocarbons containing single bonds
37
what do alkanes end in
-"ane"
38
what is the general formula for alkanes
CnH2n+2
39
name the first four alkanes and their molecular formula
methane - CH4 ethane - C2H6 propane - C3H8 butane - C4H10
40
what is a homologous series
a family of organic compounds with the same functional group but a different carbon chain length. they have the same general formula and each member differs to the next by a CH2 group
41
how does the length of the carbon chain affect reactivity and physical properties
it has little effect on the reactivity of the functional group but it will affect physical properties such as melting point, boiling point and solubility
42
what is a functional group
Functional groups are specific groups of atoms that are present within organic molecules and are responsible for the characteristic properties and reactivity of those molecules.
43
what is a general formula
​A type of empirical formula that represents the composition of any member of an entire class of compounds.
44
what is a molecular formula
tells you how many atoms of each type are present in a molecule of the compound
45
what is an empirical formula
gives the simplest ratio of the different types of atoms present
46
what is a structural formula
formula which shows the arrangement of atoms in the molecule of a compound but does not show all the bonds between them.
47
what is a skeletal formula
representation of molecular structure in which covalent bonds are shown as lines. The symbols for all elements other than carbon and hydrogen are always drawn
48
what is a cycloalkane
Cycloalkanes are the class of hydrocarbons having a ring-like structure. they are saturated
49
give the first four cycloalkanes
cyclopropane cyclobutane cyclopentane cyclohexane
50
give the general formula of cycloalkanes
CnH2n (same as alkenes)
51
what is different about cycloalkanes
they have two fewer hydrogens than the corresponding alkane
52
do alkanes have straight or branched chains
they can have either
53
what is the connection between a straight chain compound and a branched chain compound
it is often possible to draw more than one structural formula for a given molecular formula. there is often a straight chain compound and one ore more branched chain compounds with the same molecular formula
54
what is a structural isomer
a compound with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangement of atoms
55
give example of two isomers
butane and methylpropane - both have molecular formula C4H10
56
what is an alkyl group
if you remove a hydrogen from an alkane you get an alkyl group this is what forms the side chains in branched alkanes
57
name the first ten alkyl groups
methyl ethyl propyl butyl pentyl hexyl heptyl octyl nonyl decyl
58
what prefix do we add on if there is more than side chain
di = two tri = three tetra = four
59
rules for naming branched alkanes
1) find the longest chain of carbons (5 carbon = pentane etc) 2) identify any side chains off the main chain 3) name these side chains 4) state the location of these side chains and keep the number as low as possible (if its on carbon 2, 3 etc) 5) if there is more than one side chain keep the numbering as low as possible. name them in alphabetical order (2-ethyl, 3 methyl for e.g) 6) if there are more than one of the same side chain use the prefixes di, tri, tetra 7) name the compound by starting with the side chains, location of them, the parent chain 8) use hyphens between numbers and letters and commas between numbers
60
2,2,3 - trimethylbutane
four carbon atoms ---> butane 3 side chains - all methyl --> tri two are located on carbon 2, one is located on carbon 3 2,2,3 - trimethylbutane
61
3-ethyl, 2-methylpentane
five carbon atoms --> pentane 2 side chains - 1 ethyl and 1 methyl write in alphabetical order --> ethyl, methyl ethyl on carbon 3, methyl on carbon 2 3-ethyl, 2-methylpentane
62
how do we name cycloalkanes
have general formula - CnH2n 1) count the number of carbons in the cyclic structure and identify the appropiate prefix to name the alkane 2) add the alkane name to the end of cyclo
63
what is an arene
unsaturated ring structure with general formula CnHn
64
what is an alkene
unsaturated compounds with at least one carbon-carbon double bond
65
general formula of alkenes
CnH2n
66
name the first few alkenes
ethene - C2H4 propene - C3H6 but-1-ene - C4H8 but-2-ene - C4H8 pent-1-ene - C5H10 pent-2-ene - C5H10
67
what is the difference between but-1-ene and but-2-ene
double bond is on carbon 1 on but-1-ene double bond is on carbon 2 on but-2-ene
68
3-methylhex-2-ene
six carbon atoms --> hex hex-2-ene ---> the double bond is on carbon 2 methyl side chain on carbon 3 - 3methyl 3-methylhex-2-ene
69
what is the differenct between Z-But-2-ene and E-But-2-ene
in Z-but-2-ene the methyl groups are on the same side of the double bond in E-but-2-ene the methyl groups are on opposite sides of the double bond
70
how else is Z-but-2-ene and E-but-2-ene named
Z --> cis-2-butene E --> trans-2-butene
71
what is 1,4-cyclohexadiene
6 carbon atoms - cyclohexene two double bonds so its diene ---> cyclohexadiene one double bond is on carbon 1 and the other is on carbon 4
72
general formula of alcohols
CnH2n+1OH
73
name the first few alcohols
methanol - CH3OH ethanol - C2H5OH propanol - C3H7OH butanol - C4H8OH
74
what is the difference between propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol
in propan-1-ol the OH is on carbon 1 in propan-2-ol the OH is on carbon 2
75
rules for naming alcohols
1) name the alcohol using the root prefix of the longest chain 2) determine the position of the alcohol group -OH by counting the carbons to give the lowest number 3) Add -ol onto the end of the name
76
how do we name an alcohol if its branched
just follow the rules for a branched alkane but replace the e at the end with ol and include the number the OH group is attached to
77
2-methylpropan-1-ol
3 carbons --> prop OH is on group 1 --> propan-1-ol methyl side chain on carbon 2 --> 2-methyl 2-methlypropan-1-ol
78
ethan-1,2-diol
two carbon atoms --> eth two OH groups --> diol one OH group on carbon 1, one OH group on carbon 2 ethan-1,2-diol
79
2-3dimethylbutan-1-ol
4 carbon atoms --> but OH on carbon 1 --> butan-1-ol two side chains (both are methyl) --> dimethyl one side chain on carbon 1, the other on carbon 3 --> 2-3 2-3dimethylbutan-1-ol
80
what is the difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons
Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single covalent bonds while unsaturated hydrocarbons contain at least one or more double or triple carbon-carbon bonds.

developing fuels (11 decks)

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