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Echo > Dewitt 1-4 Test > Flashcards

Dewitt 1-4 Test Flashcards

1
Q

Your patient is a 42 year old female whose physician has ordered an echocardiogram for evaluation of shortness of breath. Her LVIDd measures 4.5cm. This qualifies as…

normal or abnormal?

A

normal

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2
Q

Your patient is a 77 year old person whose physician ordered an echocardiogram for shortness of breath. You measure the peak tricuspid regurgitation velocity at 4m/s. What is the pressure gradient using the simplified Bernoulli equation?

a) 20
b) 16
c) 12
d) 64

A

d) 64

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3
Q

The normal left ventricular diastolic wall thickness is_____________.

a) 6-10 mm (men)
b) 6-10 mm (women)
c) 6-12 mm (women)
d) 6-12 mm (men)

A

a) 6-10mm (men)

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4
Q

Typically, the transducer is oriented toward the patient’s left shoulder during the ______________.

a) A4C
b) LAX RVIT
c) A3C
d) PSAX

A

d) PSAX

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5
Q

Which of the following statements are true regarding the right ventricle? Choose 2.

a) it is the most anterior chamber
b) it has thick walls compared to the LV
c) it is trabeculated
d) it is larger than the LV
e) it is the most posterior chamber

A

a) it is the most anterior chamber
c) it is trabeculated

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6
Q

At what point in the cardiac cycle are measurements of the LVOT diemeter taken?

a) mid-systole
b) end-systole
c) onset of systole
d) peak- systole

A

a) mid-systole

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7
Q

Your patient is a 35 year old male. The main pulmonary artery measures 2.9cm in the parasternal short axis view. This measurement is _____________.

a) normal
b) mildly dilated
c) moderately dilated
d) severely dilated

A

a) normal

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8
Q

Which view is the best to evaluate the thickness of the RV wall?

a) Parasternal long axis
b) Subcostal 4 chamber
c) Apical 4 chamber
d) Parasternal short axis

A

b) Subcostal 4 chamber

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9
Q

Identify this echocardiography view and level.

A

SAX Mid or Papillary level

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10
Q

What vessel is being sampled in this image? Be specific.

A

Descending Aorta

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11
Q

Choose all structures that can be visualized in the PSAX view at the level of the aorta.

pulmonary artery
interatrial septum
sinus of valsalva
acending aorta
mitral valve

A

Sinus of Valsalva
Interatrial septum
Pulmonary artery

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12
Q

What is the position of the indicator notch when acquiring a subcostal 4 chamber view?

A

The indicator notch should be towards the patient’s left side when acquiring a subcostal 4 chamber view.

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13
Q

The _____________ and ________________ tricuspid valve leafletes are visualized in the LAX RVIT.

a) anterior/medial
b) anterior/inferior
c) medial/posterior
d) anterior/posterior

A

d) anterior/posterior

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14
Q

T/F A normal range of LV ejection fraction for individuals age 20 and over is 85-100%.

A

FALSE

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15
Q

Which view is best for doppler evaluation of the pulmonary valve.

a) subcostal 4 chamber
b) parasternal short axis
c) apical 4 chamber
d) suprasternal notch

A

b) parasternal short axis

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16
Q

Which number(s) below are part of the interventricular septum?

A

3&8

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17
Q

What structure is being identified at the yellow arrow in this apical 4 chamber view of the right heart?

a) foramen ovale
b) SVC
c) coronary sinus
d) eustacian valve

A

c) coronary sinus

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18
Q

The measurement arrow is in the ______ in this _____.

A

IVC, Subcostal

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19
Q

What view is being demonstrated?

a) Apical 2
b) Apical 4
c) Apical 3
d) Apical 5

A

c) Apical 3

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20
Q

End systole is captured when the _________.

a) left ventricle is at its smallest dimension
b) mitral valve just opened
c) aortic valve just opened and mitral valve just closed
d) left ventricle is at its largest dimension

A

a) left ventricle is at its smallest dimension

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21
Q

When visualizing a normal IVC you should be able to detect a __________ collapse with inspiration.

a) 50%
b) 30%
c) 75%
d) 25%

A

a) 50%

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22
Q

Identify the structure at the gold arrow.

a) LVPW
b) AMVL
c) Pericardium
d) PMVL

A

d) PMVL

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23
Q

What structure in this image is being evaluated with color flow Doppler?

a) RVOT
b) RVIT
c) LVIT
d) LVOT

A

a) RVOT

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24
Q

Explain the significance of measuring LV ejection fraction in cardiac sonography.

A

LV ejection fraction is an important parameter that indicates how well the heart is functioning by showing the percentage of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with each heartbeat. It helps in assessing cardiac performance and identifying potential heart conditions.

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25
Q

List 2 ways to increase the frame rate of a color Doppler image.

A

Decrease sector width
write zoom
decrease depth

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26
Q

Which is the best method to calculate the left ventricular ejection fraction?

a) Visual Estimate
b) Modified Simpson’s rule
c) Modified Bernoulli
d) Teicholtz Method

A

b) Modified Simpson’s rule

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27
Q

What structure is denoted by number 4?

A

anterior leaflet

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28
Q

Which of the following measurments is taken with a leading edge to leading edge technique.

a) LVOT
b) LA
c) RVOT
d) Aortic Valve Annulus

A

b) LA

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29
Q

Chordae tendineae

a) Fibrous cords that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid and mitral valves.
b) Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
c) Valve that allows blood to flow from the left ventricle into the aorta.
d) The outermost layer of the heart.

A

a) Fibrous cords that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid and mitral valves.

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30
Q

Pulmonary artery

a) Fibrous cords that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid and mitral valves.
b) Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
c) Valve that allows blood to flow from the left ventricle into the aorta.
d) The outermost layer of the heart.

A

b) Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.

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31
Q

Aortic valve

a) Fibrous cords that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid and mitral valves.
b) Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
c) Valve that allows blood to flow from the left ventricle into the aorta.
d) The outermost layer of the heart.

A

c) Valve that allows blood to flow from the left ventricle into the aorta.

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32
Q

Epicardium

a) Fibrous cords that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid and mitral valves.
b) Carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.
c) Valve that allows blood to flow from the left ventricle into the aorta.
d) The outermost layer of the heart.

A

d) The outermost layer of the heart.

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33
Q

Your patient is a 53 year old female. Her IVC measures 2.5cm and does not collapse with inspiration. What is her estimated right atrial pressure?

a) 15mmHg
b) 3mmHg
c) 8mmHg

A

a) 15mmHg

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34
Q

What is the minimum acceptable frame rate for color Doppler imaging echocardiography?

a) 10Hz
b) 15Hz
c) 20Hz
d) 30Hz

A

c) 20Hz

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35
Q

Which cardiac window provides the best opportunity to evaluate blood flow across the interatrial septum?

a) Subcostal
b) Parasternal
c) Right sternal border
d) Apical

A

a) Subcostal

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36
Q

When measuring an element of time on spectral Doppler, what is the minimum acceptable setting for the sweep speed?

a) 75
b) 150
c) 100
d) 50

A

c) 100

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37
Q

Identify this view

A

Apical Long (A3C)

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38
Q

Identify this view

A

Parasternal Short Axis

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39
Q

Identify this view

A

Subcostal

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40
Q

Identify this view

A

Suprasternal Notch

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41
Q

What echocardiographic window is used to create this image?

A

Suprasternal Notch (SSN)

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42
Q

Choose all of the views that can be imaged in the subcostal window. (Choose 4)

RVIT
long axis
descending aorta
IVC
short axis
4 chamber

A

descending aorta
IVC
4 chamber

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43
Q

What is the normal range of LV ejection fraction for age 20 and over?

a) 60-100%
b) 53-73%
c) 25-55%
d) 80-100%

A

b) 53-73%

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44
Q

Choose measurements that are taken at end diastole. Choose 3.

RV width
Ascending aorta
LVOT
LA internal dimension
LV internal dimension

A

LV internal dimension
RV width
Ascending aorta

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45
Q

Calculate the ejection fraction with the following data:
End diastolic volume 75mL
End systolic volume 30mL

A

(75-30) / 75 * 100 = 60%

46
Q

The normal mean left atrial pressure is comparable to the __________________.

a) left ventricle diastolic pressure
b) pulmonary artery systolic pressure
c) aorta systolic pressure
d) left ventricular systolic pressure

A

a) left ventricle diastolic pressure

47
Q

Where do the coronary arteries originate?

a) sinus of valsalva
b) ascending aorta
c) left ventricular outflow tract
d) coronary sinus

A

a) sinus of valsalva

48
Q

Steerable with a sample gate and the potential for aliasing describes__________.

a) pulsed wave doppler
b) non-imaging CW doppler.
c) non-imaging pulsed wave doppler
d) continuous wave doppler

A

a) pulsed wave doppler

49
Q

label anatomy

A
50
Q

During ______________________,all four valves are closed and the ventricular pressure is at it’s lowest.

a) isovolumic relaxation
b) diastole
c) systole
d) isovolumic contraction

A

a) isovolumic relaxation

51
Q

The _____________ is the main pumping mechanism of the heart.

a) endocardium
b) myocardium
c) pericardium
d) epicardium

A

b) myocardium

52
Q

The volume of blood the left ventricle pumps each minute is ______________.

a) heart rate
b) stroke volume
c) cardiac output
d) cardiac index

A

c) cardiac output

53
Q

The optimal angle for doppler of cardiac bloodflow is __________.

a) 60 degrees
b) 45 degrees
c) 0 degrees
d) 30 degrees

A

c) 0 degrees

54
Q

Which phase of the cardiac cycle is represented within the yellow brackets?

a) ventricular diastole
b) vetricular systole
c) atrial diastole
d) atrial systole

A

d) atrial systole

55
Q

Identify the cardiac cycle indicated by the letter C.

a) isovolumic relaxation time
b) end-systole
c) isovolumic contraction time
d) end diastole

A

a) isovolumic relaxation time

56
Q

The left atrium is the most ______ chamber of the heart and delivers ______of the left ventricle filling.

a) posterior / 15-30%
b) medial / 22.5%
c) anterior / 20-30%
d) inferior / 15-30%

A

a) posterior / 15-30%

57
Q

The largest volume in the heart during the cardiac cycle is known as the ___________.

a) end-systolic volume
b) rapid early filling
c) early-diastolic volume
d) end-diastolic volume

A

d) end-diastolic volume

58
Q

What is the normal mean right atrial pressure and O2 saturation.

a) 4-12 mmHg 50%
b) 2-8 mmHg, 50%
c) 2-8 mmHg , 75%
d) 4-12 mmHg, 75%

A

c) 2-8 mmHg , 75%

59
Q

During early diastole, the left ventricular pressure is at it’s ________ and the ventricles experience __________.

a) lowest / rapid filling
b) lowest / rapid ejection
c) highest / rapid filling
d) highest / rapid ejection

A

a) lowest / rapid filling

60
Q

The EKG p wave represents____________.

a) mechanical ventricular systole
b) electrical ventricular diastole
c) ventricular depolarization
d) electrical atrial systole (depolarization)

A

d) electrical atrial systole (depolarization)

61
Q

List 5 indications for an adult transthoracic echocardiogram.

A

valvular heart disease
ischemic heart disease,
cardiomyopathy,
heart failure,
infective endocarditis,
source of embolus,
prosthetic valve,
myocaditis,
pericarditis,
pericardial effusion,
myxoma,
disorder of the aorta,
congenital heart disease

62
Q

What is identified by the letter K on this image?

A

interventricular septum

63
Q

Which ventricle operates at a lower pressure?

A

Right

64
Q

_____________ is the volume of blood ejected from the heart.

a) Cardiac output
b) Stroke volume
c) Cardiac index
d) Body surface area

A

b) Stroke volume

65
Q

The PEDOF probe is a __________ probe used to identify ___________.

a) non-imaging CW / high velocities
b) non-imaging CW / low velocities
c) non-imaging PW / high velocities
d) non-imaging PW/ low velocities

A

a) non-imaging CW / high velocities

66
Q

What structure is identified at arrow # 4 ?

A

left main coronary artery

67
Q

What is the normal pressure in the Aorta?

a) 15-25 mmHg
b) 60-110 mmHg
c) 90-150 mmHg
d) 80-120 mmHg

A

d) 80-120 mmHg

68
Q

This image of the heart is a _______view taken from the _________ of the heart.

A

PSAX/base

69
Q

Calculate the stroke volume
End diastolic volume 105mL
End systolic volume 35mL
Heart Rate 70bpm

A

70mL/sec

70
Q

The volume of blood in the heart at end-diastole is ______________.

a) cardiac ejection fraction
b) afterload
c) preload
d) cardiac volume

A

c) preload

71
Q

Which color represents toward the probe flow on echocardiography?

A

Red

72
Q

What structure is identified at the red arrow?

a) chordae tendineae
b) anterior tricuspid leaflet
c) anterior mitral valve leaflet
d) posterior mitral valve leaflet

A

c) anterior mitral valve leaflet

73
Q

The inner layer of the heart which also lines the cardiac valves is the_______________.

a) pericardium
b) epicardium
c) endocardium
d) myocardium

A

c) endocardium

74
Q

What structure receives most of the venous blood from the heart muscle and empties into the right atrium?

a) coronary sinus
b) great cardiac vein
d) coronary arteries
e) pulmonary veins

A

a) coronary sinus

75
Q

The _________is the primary pacemaker of the heart and is located at the border of the ____________.

a) SA node / superior vena cava and right atrium
b) AV node / inferior vena cava and right atrium
c) AV node/ superior vena cava and right atrium
d) SA node / inferior vena cava and right atrium

A

a) SA node / superior vena cava and right atrium

76
Q

What is directly regulated by the autonomic nervous system?

a) blood volume
b) heart rate
c) ejection fraction
d) rapid filling

A

b) heart rate

77
Q

Identify the echocardiographic window at the letter D.

a) epigastric
b) suprahepatic
c) subcostal
d) substernal

A

c) subcostal

78
Q

Which valve(s) are open during systole?

a) tricuspid and pulmonic
b) aortic valve only
c) aortic and pulmonic
d) aortic and mitral

A

c) aortic and pulmonic

79
Q

The range of frequecies for transthoracic cardiac imaging of adults is_______________.

a) 3-7 MHz
b) 2-5 MHz
c) 2-10 MHz
d) 5-10 MHz

A

b) 2-5 MHz

80
Q

Pick the best descriptor of this image.

a) B-Mode Color Map
b) Color velocity
c) Spectral scale
d) Variance color map

A

d) Variance color map

81
Q

A steerable mode capable of detecting both low and high velocity flow, that acquires data all along the ultrasound beam. This definition best fits which term?

a) Color flow Doppler
b) Continuous wave doppler
c) B-Mode imaging
d) Pulsed wave doppler

A

b) Continuous wave doppler

82
Q

Normally the dominant pacemaker of the heart is the__________________.

a) Purkinje fibers
b) bundle His
c) SA node
d) AV node

A

c) SA node

83
Q

The coronary sinus is positioned along the ________________.

a) middle cardiac vein
b) posterior atrioventricular groove
c) great cardiac vein
d) anterior atrioventricular groove

A

b) posterior atrioventricular groove

84
Q

The left heart is a___________________.

a) pulmonary circulatory system
b) high resistance system
c) low oxygen saturation system
d) low pressure system

A

b) high resistance system

85
Q

The ______________ is another name for the right ventricular outflow tract.

a) tricuspid apparatus
b) right ventricular canal
c) infundibulum
d) moderator band

A

c) infundibulum

86
Q

What’s the pressure for chamber or vessel: Q

A

<120/<80 mmHg

87
Q

What’s the pressure for chamber or vessel: R

A

2-8 mmHg

88
Q

What’s the pressure for chamber or vessel: S

A

15-25/ 4-12 mmHg

89
Q

What’s the pressure for chamber or vessel: T

A

2-12 mmHg

90
Q

What’s the pressure for chamber or vessel: U

A

15-25/2-8 mmHg

91
Q

What’s the pressure for chamber or vessel: V

A

<120/3-12 mmHg

92
Q

the Cardiac Cycle Component: G

A

AV valves close / first heart sound

93
Q

the Cardiac Cycle Component: D

A

Mechanical ventricular diastole

94
Q

the Cardiac Cycle Component: I

A

Rapid early filling/ third heart sound

95
Q

the Cardiac Cycle Component: E

A

SL valves open/ systole

96
Q

The blood travels from the aorta to the _______.

a) veins, venules, capillaries, arteries, arterioles
b) ateries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
c) cappillaries, arterioles, venules, veins
d) arterioles, arteries, venules, veins

A

b) ateries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

97
Q

The anterior surface of the heart is made up of almost entirely of the ___________.

a) right ventricle
b) left atrium
c) right atrium
d) left ventricle

A

a) right ventricle

98
Q

The largest volume in the heart during the cardiac cycle is known as the _____________.

a) early-diastolic volume
b) end-systolic volume
c) end-diastolic volume
d) rapid early filling

A

c) end-diastolic volume

99
Q

Differentiate between the systemic circulatory system and the pulmonary circulatory system and describe how they work together.

A

While they are different, they work together to ensure the body with enough oxygen and nutrients while taking away the wastes in order to keep the body functioning properly through a unique circulatory fashion. The systemic circulatory system carries oxygenated blood from the heart through the body after the exchange in the capillaries it then becomes part of the pulmonary system where deoxygenated blood is then carried back to heart which then pushes it to the lungs to gather oxygen just to start the circulatory all over again.

100
Q

The normal mean left atrial pressure is comparable to the __________________.

a) left ventricular systolic pressure
b) pulmonary artery systolic pressure
c) left ventricle diastolic pressure
d) aorta systolic pressure

A

c) left ventricle diastolic pressure

101
Q

List the 4 heart wall layers from inner to outer layer.

A

endocardium, myocardium, epicardium, pericardium

102
Q

The heart is enclosed in the _______, a fluid filled sac that protects it against infection and trauma.

a) endocardium
b) pericardium
c) myocardium
d) epicardium

A

b) pericardium

103
Q

What is being measured at line #3? At what point in the cardiac cycle is this measurement performed?

A

RV length
end diastole

104
Q

Which two aortic valve leaflets are visualized in the apical 5 chamber view?

a) LCC & RCC
b) RCC & NCC
c) NCC & LCC

A

b) RCC & NCC

105
Q

Identify the level of the LV at the blue box, yellow box and red box.

A

basal-blue
Mid-yellow
Apical-red

106
Q

What view is being demonstrated?

a) Apical 5
b) Apical 3
c) Apical 4
d) Apical 2

A

b) Apical 3

107
Q

Identify the anatomy.

A
  1. IVS
  2. LV APEX
  3. RA
108
Q

What structure in this image is being evaluated with color flow Doppler?

a) LVOT
b) RVOT
c) LVIT
d) RVIT

A

a) LVOT

109
Q

How would you manipulate the transducer to get from an Apical 4 chamber view to this view?

a) tilt the transducer toward the left side
b) move to another window
c) rotate 45 degrees clockwise
d) rotate 60-90 degrees counter-clockwise

A

d) rotate 60-90 degrees counter-clockwise

110
Q

When assessing the ascending aortic flow in the suprasternal notch view, which direction will the be?

a) Toward the probe, above the baseline
b) Toward the probe, below the baseline
c) Away from the probe, above the baseline
d) Away from the probe, below the baseline

A

a) Toward the probe, above the baseline

111
Q

The right sternal border view best evaluates which structure?

a) Ascending aorta
b) Descending aorta
c) Abdominal aorta
d) Left atrium

A

a) Ascending aorta

112
Q

What is being assessed with color flow Doppler in this image?

a) Interatrial septum
b) Interventricular septum
c) Tricuspid valve
d) Aortic valve

A

c) Tricuspid valve

Echo (10 decks)

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