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Deviance > Deviance Midterm > Flashcards

Deviance Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Objectivist approach

A

views deviance as an act (that breaks social norms/laws, causes human suffering and/or is a statistical rarity); goal is to better understand these behaviours and their causes and offer ways of preventing them, focus on why people engage in deviant behaviour

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2
Q

Subjectivist Approach

A

views deviance as a subjective/relative interpretation, a judgment of objective behaviours; goal is to understand how these interpretations came to be and the consequences when they are made, the process of interpreting deviance

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3
Q

Historical Relativity

A

a subjectivist view of deviance that refers to the idea that what is deviant in one historical time period is not the same in another (the meanings of deviance change over time)

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4
Q

Cross-Cultural Relativity

A

a subjectivist view of deviance that refers to the idea that what gets defined as deviant varies from culture to culture

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5
Q

Situational Relativity

A

a subjectivist view of deviance that refers to the idea that what constitutes deviance changes depends on the siutation

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6
Q

Gendered Relativity

A

a subjectivist view of deviance that refers to how an act is seen as deviant depending on your gender

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7
Q

Biological Theories of Deviance

A

sick bodies - the cause of deviant behaviour is in the functioning of the body (atavism, somatype, hereditary, twin studies)

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8
Q

Lombroso’s Theory of Atavism

A

atavism (the tendency to revert to ancestral type) exists in certain individuals that causes criminality and deviant behaviour

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9
Q

Sheldon’s Somatype theory

A

body types associated with certain personality types, and how this predisposes some individuals to emerge as deviants in society (Endo, meso, ecto)

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10
Q

Dugdale’s Hereditary Theory

A

The Jukes (a family ‘plagued with criminality’) determined that environment produces habits that can be hereditary

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11
Q

Christiansen’s Twin Study

A

Danish twin registry, national crime registry; found that 35% of identical twins shared a criminal history, and 13% of fraternal twins shared one; what about environmental influences?

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12
Q

Psychological Theories

A

Sick Minds - the cause of deviant behaviour is in the functioning of the mind (psychoanalytical, frustration-aggression, cognitive)

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13
Q

Freud’s Psychoanalytical Theory of Deviance

A

Humans have to go through certain stages in order to develop a healthy personality; childhood, control of desire; progression through stages predicts deviant behaviour

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14
Q

Frustration-Aggression Theory

A

humans experience frustration in our lives and we need ways to vent, but some people never develop effective ways of dealing with aggression and end up acting out in a moment of aggression

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15
Q

Cognitive Theory of Moral Development

A

we are not born knowing the difference between right and wrong; requires a certain complexity in thinking skills; develops during childhood but as we grow older, healthy people are able to reason through what is expected and the right thing to do (those with cognitive problems cannot do this)

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16
Q

Sociological Theories of Deviance

A

the cause of deviance is the result of society (not body/mind); one way or another, society is involved (Functions of deviance, anomie, social control, conflict, feminist, Chicago School, Labelling)

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17
Q

Durkheim’s Functions of Deviance approach

A 
deviance is functional for society and each society has an optimal amount; in the search for universals, every society and culture has deviance
Group Solidarity
Boundary Setting
Raising the Value of Conformity
Innovation
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18
Q

Bare Bones of Funtionalism

A

society is like a machine; society is like an organism; made up of parts; each part serves an independent function; parts are interdependent, some functions are manifest (its intended and obvious); some functions are latent (sometimes serves a function that was not initially intended, often hidden); some parts (institutions) are dysfunctional

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19
Q

Group Solidarity

A

a group coming together so that individuals feel as though they are a part of something; us (conformists) vs. them (deviants); in order for a group to exist, there have to be excluded members for members to feel included, deviance can bring conformists together

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20
Q

Boundary Setting

A

because society needs to be changing constantly, deviance helps to force us to discuss and change our rules over time, but setting new boundaries creates new sets of deviance; deviants test the limit and elicit a certain response from society to alert us where the boundaries are, usually found in the violation of smaller, everyday norms

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21
Q

Raising the Value of Conformity

A

we have to be motivated to conform, and deviants being sanctioned deters us away from deviance, conformity is reinforced by seeing what happens to those who don’t

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22
Q

Innovation

A

society needs the capacity to change and deviants act as a mechanism through which chance can occur; deviant behaviour helps us to come together to discuss what is right and wrong and the rules that we have in place

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23
Q

Davis - Functions of Prostitution

A

prostitution, the worlds oldest profession serves the latent function of strengthening the family and helping to sustain the institution; based on the basic sexual nature of men and women, where men have a healthier, stronger desire for sex and the more exotic it is the better, whereas women are not interested in sex, and so prostitutes help men meet their sexual needs, plus prostitution becomes nothing but an economic transaction and so men are not emotionally obligated

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24
Q

Denfield & Gordon - Swinging

A

the rules of swinging subculture: arrive and leave together, no exchange of names or numbers, drinking but not to excess. intimacy but not kissing; serves the latent function of finding a new, more exciting way to have sex and keep it interesting as an activity performed together as a couple

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25
Q

Anomie Theory of Deviance: Durkheim on Suicide

A

study in suicide; social structure can have everything with how individuals behave; the degrees of social integration and regulation can lead someone to suicide (observations on patterns of suicides protestants vs. catholics, men vs. women, married vs. unmarried, and with/without children); four types of suicide

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26
Q

Altruistic Suicide

A

suicide from too much social integration (suicide bombers)

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27
Q

Egoistic Suicide

A

suicide from not enough social integration (loneliness)

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28
Q

Fatalistic Suicide

A

suicide from too much social regulation (suffocating; prison)

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29
Q

Anomic Suicide

A

suicide from not enough social regulation (normlessness)

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30
Q

Anomie Theory of Deviance: Merton

A

anomie results from an unfulfilled goals/means gap; institutionalized goals require certain means, some means are unattainable for certain individuals/groups; disconnect between the goals that society sets up and the means of achieving those goals creates strain and therefore deviance

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31
Q

Modes of Adaptation (5)

A 
Conformity
Innovation
Ritualism
Retreatism
Rebellion
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32
Q

Modes of Adaptation - Conformity

A

buy into cultural goals and either have the means of achieving them or respect that they dont have those means but will follow the law to attain them anyways

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33
Q

Modes of Adaptation - Innovation

A

Buy into cultural goals but no access to means; get creative and come up with new (deviant) ways of achieving those goals

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34
Q

Modes of Adaptation - Ritualism

A

Has the means but do not buy into cultural goals; conforming to society but not its values

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35
Q

Modes of Adaptation - Retreatism

A

do not buy into cultural goals and do not have the means of achieving them; retreat into self (i.e. drugs)

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36
Q

Modes of Adaptation - Rebellion

A

Do not buy into cultural goals and do not have the means, so they great new goals and new means of achieving them (value their work and what they do)

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37
Q

Cohen - Status Frustration

A

found that youth offenders fell into one of the modes of adaptation, but they all universally conducted violence for violence sakes; suggests that strain leads to status frustration which leads to deviance, which accounts for non-utilitarian forms of deviance

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38
Q

Cloward & Ohlin - Deviant Subcultures

A

SES and cultural background will determine access to goals and cause differential access to means; suggest that there is also differential access to illegitimate means, need resources, contacts and skill to participate; helps explain how people choose their modes of adaptation; 3 types of subcultures

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39
Q

Criminal Subculture

A

if you have access to the criminal subculture, this is the path you are likely to take (dealing, car theft, etc.)

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40
Q

Conflict Subculture

A

(gangs) if you have the gut and strength for physical violence, then you are likely to be attracted/attractive to a gang

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41
Q

Retreatist Subculture

A

(double failure) - the people who have failed in the legitimate and illegitimate world have doubly failed and likely to have resorted to retreatism

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42
Q

Social Control Theories of Deviance

A

asks why people conform; we have a natural inclination to act upon our impulses, but there are some forms of social control that stop us from doing so

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43
Q

Reckless - Containment Theory

A

internal/external forces of deviance vs. internal/external forces of control

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44
Q

Internal/External Forces of Deviance

A

dimensions of experience/aspects of your life that tempt you to act toward deviant behaviour
Internal - part of personality, skills, talents, genetic predisposition
External - parts of surroundings (family, peers, SES)

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45
Q

Internal/External Forces of Control

A

dimensions of experience/aspects of life that help resist the urge to act upon deviant impulses
Internal - part of make up (moral compass, self-control, responsibility)
External - aspects of environment (SES, education, rules/laws)

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46
Q

Nye - Family Ties Theory

A

emphasis on the role that family plays in helping individuals develop discipline and control behaviour; twist on Freud’s personality theory; Four factors

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47
Q

Internal Control

A

you are not acting upon deviant impulses because you have internalized the rules, laws and norms of society; a conscience/developed superego; the best form of control because you are your own personal police

48
Q

Indirect Control

A

where you’re conforming, not because you have internalized the values but out of respect for others and those who do; prepared to defer beliefs

49
Q

Direct Control

A

where there are punishments and sanctions and therefore you do not behave deviantly because of these consequences; the least effective

50
Q

Legitimate needs satisfaction

A

starts with basic needs and drives; if society gives you a legitimate way of achieving these needs, then there is no need to go out and find a new deviant way of achieving them

51
Q

Hirschi - Social Bonds Theory

A

not always about society controlling us, but rather how we bond and connect with society that makes us want to control our behaviour; 4 ways of connecting

52
Q

Conventional Beliefs

A

we as individuals take on more of society’s rules and regulations; society’s rules become our rules (internalization of society)

53
Q

Attachment

A

We attach ourselves to others in society that make us want to not disappoint them and be a part of their lives

54
Q

Commitment

A

as conformists, we but time and effort into conforming; the more you conform the more you have to lose if you dont; an investment in conformity

55
Q

Involvement

A

we are so involved in society and being conformists that we do not have the time to deviate; involved in other subgroups

56
Q

The Chicago School

A

Empiricists; viewed society as an ecosystem (constant change, new species coming in, creating conflict, and pushing others out); concerned with mapping deviant activity (i.e. juvenile delinquency, rape, drug use, STDs, mental illness, crime); developed the concentric zones (of every major city)

57
Q

Central Business District Zone

A

no one really lives here, people commute to this area to work, shop, etc.

58
Q

Transition Zone

A

least desirable housing district; people live here because they cannot afford to live anywhere else; very unstable part of town; lots of people constantly moving in an out; immigrants

59
Q

Multi-family Working-Class Zone

A

step up from transition zone, small apartments, duplexes; more stability, people take pride in the little property they have

60
Q

Single-Family Residential Zone

A

more stability

61
Q

Commuter Zone

A

the most desirable housing, work in the central business district but live here; reflects the status and financial position of those who live here

62
Q

Social Disorganization Theory

A

Social disorganization (instability and social upheaval) causes a breakdown of controls which leads to a transmission of negative values and results in deviance; usually takes place in the transition zone

63
Q

Sutherland - Differential Association Theory

A

addresses how social disorganization at the individual level translated into attitudes towards deviant behaviour; deviant behaviour is learned (through associations with each other), different influences determine attitudes towards deviance and conformity

64
Q

9 Propositions (just need to know 4a,b)

A
  1. Criminal behaviour is learned.
  2. Criminal behaviour is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication.
  3. The principal part of the learning of criminal behaviour occurs within intimate personal groups.
  4. When criminal behaviour is learned, the learning includes (a) techniques of committing the crime, which are sometimes very complicated, sometimes simple; (b) the specific direction of motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes.
  5. The specific direction of motives and drives is learned from definitions of the legal codes as favourable or unfavourable.
  6. A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favourable to violation of law over definitions unfavourable to violation of the law.
  7. Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity.
  8. The process of learning criminal behaviour by association with criminal and anti-criminal patterns involves all of the mechanisms that are involved in any other learning.
  9. While criminal behaviour is an expression of general needs and values, it is not explained by those needs and values, since non-criminal behaviour is an expression of the same needs and values.
65
Q

Glaser - Differential Identification Theory

A

the original differential association theory ignores human agency; while we can’t choose where/what we are born in/as, our deviant parents or differential opportunities, we can choose with whom and with what we identify with

66
Q

Burgess & Ackers - Differential Reinforcement theory

A

adds how our deviant attitudes are reinforced to the differential identification theory **

67
Q

Sykes & Matza - Techniques of Neutralization (5)

A 
Denial of responsibility
Denial of Injury
Denial of Victim
Condemning the Condemners
Appeal to Higher Loyalty
68
Q

Scully & Marolla

A

interviewed rapists and divided them into deniers and admitters
Deniers (Justifications): women as seductresses, women say no but mean yes, they eventually relax and enjoy it, nice girls don’t get raped, it was only a minor wrongdoing
Admitters (Excuses): use of drugs/alcohol, emotional problems, nice guy image

69
Q

Feminist Theory of Deviance

A

a conflict theory based on the conflict between gender; centrality on gender inequality in the patriarchy; women as invisible and oppressed, absent from the study of deviance

70
Q

Feminist Theory Applied to Deviance

A

androcentrism, women as victims, women as offenders, women in the criminal justice system

71
Q

Androcentrism

A

in mainstream sociology of deviance (the add-women approach); start with an observation and just add women to the theory

72
Q

Women as victims

A

women are more often the victims of deviant behaviour than the perpetrators; not well represented in criminology, but there is the emergence of victimology (what it means to be a victim, who is more vulnerable, the meanings behind victimhood, why women are vulnerable)

73
Q

Women as Offenders

A

women are more represented here today as the gap is narrowing; looks at what factors lead women to offend, what precipitates female deviance, under what conditions do women break the law

74
Q

Women in the Criminal Justice System

A

society has set up a system that works for men and not for women, which is especially true for sexual assault; the criminal justice system victimizes women who have been raped, and treatment and experience with the system feels like a double rape; the system is skeptical, blames the victim, historically gave men rights to their wife’s body

75
Q

Feminist Solutions (3)

A

Liberal feminism, marxist feminism, radical feminism

76
Q

Liberal Feminism

A

focus on meritocracy; because society advantages men and disadvantages women, men and women should instead have equal opportunities and decisions should be made on merit alone, without a gender lens

77
Q

Marxist Feminism

A

focus on revolution; the problem of the patriarchy stems from a class-based society, where the oppression that women experience is at the hands of men seeking power or by members of the working class who lash out at the more powerless; solution is to get rid of the class system

78
Q

Radical Feminism

A

focus on female autonomy; because men will not want to give up their power meritocracy would never happen and promoting revolution to get rid of class will not get rid of patriarchy; instead create a society within a society where women can function without dependence on men to give them power, cutting out men goes as far as sexual relationships

79
Q

Conflict Theory

A

**

80
Q

Common Themes (5)

A

Society is pluralistic
power is unequally distributed among groups
those with power get to decide what is deviant
criminalizing the oppressed
generation of alienation, frustration, anger and demoralization

81
Q

Differences

A

**

82
Q

Ford Pinto Case

A

**

83
Q

Marketing of Infant Formula in the Global South

A

**

84
Q

**

A

**

85
Q

**

A

**

86
Q

**

A

**

87
Q

**

A

**

88
Q

Symbolic Interactionism

A

we make society (interactions and meanings at a micro level); human beings respond to things based on the meanings that we have for them, where its the meanings ascribe to the stimulus that elicits a response; define the situation before we act (look for interactional cues, construct meanings); humans define self based on how others see them (through significant others, generalized others, and the looking-glass self)

89
Q

Labelling Theory of Deviance

A

Deviance as an interpretation or a label, focus on the meaning-making processes that define deviant behaviour; primary deviance causes a societal reaction so the individual internalizes the deviant and ends up committing secondary deviance

90
Q

Primary Deviance

A

any act that elicits a negative societal reaction (not necessarily deviance)

91
Q

Secondary Deviance

A

actions that are engaged in on the part of individuals that have internalized the deviant label

92
Q

Stigma

A

the badge of dishonour that is worn when a negative label is attached (sometimes by virtue of another)

93
Q

Dramatization of Evil

A

the announcement of the label of deviant

94
Q

Degradation Ceremony

A

the act of getting stripped of a normal identity and replacing it with a deviant one

95
Q

Deviant Identity

A

internalization of the negative deviant label applied to you, taking on a deviant identity

96
Q

Master Status

A

behaviour being viewed through the lens of the label of deviant

97
Q

Deviant Career

A

embarking on a deviant career based on acquiring the deviant label; subsequent actions are deviant

98
Q

Rosenhan - On Being Sane in Insane Places

A

pseudo patients were coached to pretended that they had psychiatric problems at various facilities; once they were institutionalized, they were told to act completely normal and take notes on how they were treated.
Would the institutions know that these people were normal? Questions the variability of expertise to recognize mental illness; none of them were let go voluntarily, some had to fight their way out
Findings: Sanity is a subjective and labels, once applied, are sticky; our expectations influence our interpretations; all of the participants were discharged as ‘schizophrenic in remission’; experienced powerlessness, depersonalization (could see old identity slipping, replaced by a view of mental patient, came though clearly evident and very subtle ways)

99
Q

Chambliss - Saints and Roughnecks

A

saints were ‘good boys’, came from the right side of town, middle-class, members of the community, when they got into trouble it was just ‘guys being guys’, more resources
roughnecks were ‘thugs’ came from a rough side of town, less stability in life, seen as rotten, incorrigible
no difference in level of deviance (primary deviance)
self-fulfilling prophecy - the label created the scenario that played itself out in subsequent years (internalization)

100
Q

Formal Labelling

A

done by formal agents of social control and the helping professions (in the public sphere)

101
Q

Informal Labelling

A

done in the private sphere, from friends, family, and other forms of informal social interaction

102
Q

Radke-Yarrow - Mental Illness in the Family

A

studies wives whose husbands were institutionalized for mental illness and asked how they came to realize that their husbands were mentally ill; four accommodation strategies

103
Q

Radke-Yarrow - Accommodation Strategies (4)

A

denial, normalization, attenuation, balancing

104
Q

Ferraro & Johnson - Battered Women

A

asked why women stay and what strategies they used to deal with abusive husbands; focused on what happened before the women came to the shelter; found that rationalization techniques looked similar to techniques of neutralization and documented catalysts for change

105
Q

Ferraro & Johnson - Rationalization Techniques (6)

A 
Appeal to salvation ethic
Denial of Victimizer
Denial of Injury
Denial of Victimization
Denial of Options
Appeal to Higher Loyalty
106
Q

Appeal to Salvation Ethic

A

not going public because the situation can be resolved and the abuser can be fixed or saved; abuser is the dependent one

107
Q

Denial of Victimizer

A

attributing behaviour to something that is beyond the abuser’s control (drugs, alcohol, history of abuse, not in the right frame of mind); abuser cannot be blamed

108
Q

Denial of Injury

A

minimize the injuries by ignoring or downplaying the situation to avoid recognizing that they are in an abusive relationship; more likely to deny injury if already inclined and abuser reinforces minimization

109
Q

Denial of Victimization

A

claiming responsibility for pushing him to that point and provoking the situation; she had it coming

110
Q

Denial of Options

A

the situation cannot be improved because there are no other options and leaving would be too hard to contemplate; no financial options to deal with the repercussions or any emotional options because of emotional dependence on abuser

111
Q

Appeal to Higher Loyalty

A

appeal to marital vows, need to maintain an intact family, and loyalty to children

112
Q

Ferraro & Johnson - Catalysts for Change (6)

A

Change in Level of Violence (dramatic increase)
Change in Resources (new financial or emotional resources)
Change in Relationship (change in feelings, falling out of love, love turning to hate)
Despair (reaching rock bottom, rationalization fatigue)
Change in Visibility of Violence (abuse moves from private to public)
External Definitions (someone else provides a new definition of the situation)

113
Q

Lynch - Accommodations to Madness

A

asked students how the feel about and deal with a ‘crazy person’ in their lives and classified responses into isolating, manipulation and influencing others

114
Q

Lynch - Isolating

A

protecting self and not taking what they say seriously, not engaging in any meaningful way, or avoid them altogether (avoiding, ignoring)

115
Q

Lynch - Manipulation

A

engage in strategies to deal with the behaviour of the individual; not as crazy as they have the potential to be (humouring, screening/monitoring, taking over, orienting to other prospects of normality, practical jokes)

116
Q

Lynch - Influencing Others

A

create a situation where the madness stays in the informal sphere and changing how others define the situation (notorious character, shadowing, avoidance notices, hiding or diluting, covering for/up)

Deviance (1 decks)

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