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Fall 2013 > Deviance > Flashcards

Deviance Flashcards

1
Q

Deviance

A

The violation or divergence from social rules or norms

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2
Q

ABC’s of deviance

A

Attitudes, Behaviors, Conditions or types of persons deemed immoral, sinful, sick, illegal, inappropriate, and so on

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3
Q

Norms

A

Generally agreed-upon codes about how people should behave.

Norms guide our actions and the way we comport & present ourselves.

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4
Q

Three types of norms

A

1) Folkways
2) Mores
3) Laws

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5
Q

Folkways

A

Simple everyday norms based on custom, tradition, or etiquette

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6
Q

Mores

A

More serious norms based on broad social norms

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7
Q

Laws

A

Strongest norms; codified and enforced by formal sanctions

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8
Q

Relationship between ctime & deviance

(i.e. are they the same thing?)

A

Crime and deviance are not always the same thing.

One can be deviant but not criminal. Deviance is a broader term than criminality.

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9
Q

Achieved status

A

An earned status. More blame to the individual.

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10
Q

Ascribed status

A

Born into a status. Less blame, if any, to the individual.

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11
Q

Statistical definition: Deviance

A

Any variation or departure from a statisticl average

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12
Q

Statistical definitions look at ________ rather than at ___________

A

what is; what should or should not be

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13
Q

Social Control

A

The means by which society secures adherence to social norms; how society controls unwanted behavior

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14
Q

Informal Social Control

A

Self-control

Relational controls

Conscience - Socially created product

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15
Q

Fromal Social Control

A

Institutionalized and enforced by large groups or social institutions

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16
Q

Is Informal Social Control or Formal Social Control more common?

A

Informal Social Control is more common.

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17
Q

Absolutist/Positivist perspectives on deviance

A

Deviance is an objective fact: There is something inherent in the act itself that makes it deviant & wrong

Deviance is universal: It is similar for all cultures

Assumes normative consensus

Searches for the etiology (causes) or social origin of deviant behavior

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18
Q

Relativist/Interactionist perspectives on deviance

A

Deviance is not universal or unchanging: Deviance is in the eye of the beholder

Deviance is relative

Deviance and morality are socially constructed

Assumes normative conflict

Interested in social reaction to deviance, how deviance is socially defined, how labels are attached, and the consequences of being labeled.

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19
Q

The Salem Witch Trials: Absolutist Perspective

What questions could we ask?

A

What caused the kid’s behavior?

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20
Q

The Salem Witch Trials: Relativist Perspective

What questions could we a sk?

A

Why did the society react as they did?

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21
Q

The Salem Witch Trials: What tensions and threats to community in Salem may have encouraged the moral panic around witchcraft?

A

People going to create the colonies had different reasons for going to create them.

Political instability

Local non-religious merchants

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22
Q

The Salem Witch Trials: Who was most likely to be accused?

A

Women, they couldn’t become minsters and were socially weaker than men.

Women are “naturally lustfull” (Eve)

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23
Q

The Salem Witch Trials: How did the characteristics of the accused change with e ttime? Why is this significant?

A

The accused became more and more significant women in the colonies. This is significant because it eventually put an end to the trials.

24
Q

The Salem Witch Trials: What might have been the positive functions of the reactions to witchcraft?

A

The community became stronger after this event.

Due process & the idea of “innocent until proven guilty” came about.

25
Q

External Validity

A

Generalizability of the data to other contexts

26
Q

Internal Validity

A

The quality of how accurate we measured what we think we are measuring

27
Q

Reliability

A

Ability to generate consistant results over time with similar samples. Results can be biased as long as the bias remains constant.

28
Q

Survey Research

A

Survey data measures attitudes, beliefs, values, personality traits, and behavior of participants.

Can be cost prohibative

More anonymous

Easier to reach a larger population size

29
Q

Sampling

A

The process of selectiong for a study a limited number of subjects who represent larger groups sharing similar characteristics called populations.

This process is ideally randomized so that each person has the same chance to be selected for the sample

30
Q

Victimization Surveys

A

A type of self-report survey where participants are asked about their experience with crime or being victimized.

31
Q

Advantages/Disadvantages of Surveys

A

Advantages: Better ecternal validity if done correctly (randomization)

Disadvantages: Interal validity

32
Q

Official Aggregate Data

A

Data collected by government agencies or other institutions

Examples: UCR

33
Q

Advantages/Disadvantages of Official Aggregate Data

A

Advantages: Easily available/Free, Cost Efficient, Large Samples, and Standardization

Disadvantages: Many factors may bias official reports

34
Q

Ethnographic and Interview Research

A

In-depth interviews, observation and interactiong with subjects in their own social environment.

35
Q

Advantages/Disadvantages of Ethnographic and Interview Reasearch

A

Advantages: Clear understanding of certain experiences

Disadvantages: Time consuming, small sample size

36
Q

Biological Explination of Deviance

A

Attributes certain forms of deviance to physical characteristics or nomolies such as body chemistry compositions (hormones) or to genetic/hereditary characteristics

37
Q

Psychological Explinations of Deviance: Psychiatric Model

A

Deviance is the result of psychological illness or maladaptive personality

38
Q

Psychological Explinations of Deviance: Psychoanalytic Model

A

Deviance results from the dynamics of the unconscious mind rather than from conscious mental activites

39
Q

Psychological Explinations of Deviance: Personality Trait Model

A

Deviance can be explained bt certain antisocial personality characteristics

40
Q

Micro-Level Explination

A

Focus on the individual deviance

Explains deviance in terms of personal chaacteristics of an individual or the immediate social context in which deviant acts occur.

41
Q

Macro-Level Explination

A

Focus on social aggregates

Explains deviance rates in terms of structural or cultural charactersitcs of areas

42
Q

Anomie/Strain Theory: Originator

A

Robert Merton (1930’s, 50’s)

43
Q

Anomie/Strain Theory: Macro or Micro / Origin or Reaction?

A

Macro/Origin

44
Q

Anomie/Strain Theory: Definition

A

Seeks to uncover how some social sructures exert a definite pressure upon certain groups in society to engage in nonconformity

45
Q

Anomie/Strain Theory: Why is it a motivational theory?

A

Anomie/Strain Theory assumes that, under normal conditions, human beings are naturally inclined to conform to social norms and rules.

Therefore the theory must explain why human beings commit deviance and this is why Anomie/Strain Theory is a motivational theory.

46
Q

Anomie/Strain Theory: Two Elements of Social Struture

A

Culturally defined goals: Prevailing ideals, aspirations, things worth striving for (Money)

Institutional norms and means: Norms that define, regulate, and control the acceptable ways (means) used to achiev goals

47
Q

Anomie/Strain Theory: Integration of Goals and Norms

A

Anomie/Strain Theory claims that societies differ in the degree to which the folkways, mores, and institutionalized cotrols are effectively integrated with goals.

Caste societies are a good example of proper integration

48
Q

Anomie/Strain Theory: Malintegration of Goals and Norms

A

Malintegration occurs when more emphasis is placed on the cultrual goals rather than the ways of achieving those goals

49
Q

Mertons Three Cultural Axioms

A

1) All should dstrive for the same lofty goals since they are open to all
2) Present failure to obtain these goals is temporary or a “way-station” to ultimate sucess
3) True failure is attributed to lack of ambition or drive

50
Q

Control Theory: Micro or Macro / Origin or Reaction?

A

Micro/Origin

51
Q

Control Theory: When does deviance occur?

A

Deviance occurs when individuls are inadequately controlled by their social environment. Reduction in social controls “frees” people to follow their natural inclinations.

52
Q

Control Theory: Why is Control Theory a motivational theory?

A

Its not. Control Theory doesn’t assume that people are good as their base nature.

53
Q

Control Theory: Integration

A

Integration occurs when individuals are attached to something other than themselves.

54
Q

Control Theory: Four Elemens of the Soial Bond

A

1) Attachment
2) Commitment
3) Involvement
4) Belief

55
Q

Control Theory: Attachment

A

The affective or emotional elemnt of the social bond.

It is the degree to which a person feels bound to specigic groups through affection, respect, and socialization to group norms.

56
Q

Control Theory: Commitment

A

The material element of the bond.

Also called your stake in conformity. (What you stand to lose when you commit a deviant act)

57
Q
A

Fall 2013 (4 decks)

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