Developmental Theories

Question 1

Secure Attachment

Answer 1

Explore the environment when alone or with their mother
Show distress when mother leaves
Seek physical contact when she returns

Mothers: emotionally sensitive and responsive

Question 2

Avoidant Attachment

Answer 2

Uninterested in environment
Show little distress when mother leaves
Avoid contact with her when she returns
May or may not be wary of strangers

Mothers: impatient and non-responsive or overly responsive

Question 3

Resistent Attachment

Answer 3

Anxious when mother is present
Become VERY distressed when mother leaves
May resist mothers attempt to make physical contact

Mothers: inconsistent in response, sometimes indifferent, sometimes enthusiastic

Question 4

Disorganized/Disoriented

Answer 4

Conflicting reactions to their mother
Alternate between avoidant/resistent and proximity seeking
Dazed, confused, and apprehensive
*often observed in maltreated children

Question 5

Kohlberg Preconventional

Answer 5

Avoid punishment

Rewards

Question 6

Kohlberg Conventional

Answer 6

Consistent with laws and rules

Approval of others

Question 7

Kohlberg Postconventional

Answer 7

Correct act is chosen by laws but can be changed

Universal ethical principles (justice and fairness)

Question 8

Piaget Premoral

Answer 8

Birth-5, limited understanding of rules and morality

Question 9

Piaget Heteronomous

Answer 9

Age 5-6, rules are unchangeable, punishment, negative consequences, inflexible

Question 10

Piaget Autonomous

Answer 10

Age 10-11, rules can change and are determined by being in agreement, consider intentions, decline in egocentrism

Question 11

Freud Oral

Answer 11

Birth-1, pleasure through mouth, tongue and lips (getting food/suckling)

Question 12

Freud Anal

Answer 12

Age 1-3, anal and urethral areas. Feces and urine, toilet training

Question 13

Freud Phallic

Answer 13

Age 3-6, genital, Oedipal complex, sexual desires (superego is formed)

Question 14

Freud Latency

Answer 14

Age 6-puberty, sexual instincts are repressed, playing and identifying with same sex children, social values

Question 15

Erikson Trust vs. Mistrust

Answer 15

Birth-1, responsive parenting versus waiting too long for comfort/handled harshly

Question 16

Erikson Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

Answer 16

Age 1-3, foster motor and cognitive development, overly restrict and shame

Question 17

Erikson Initiative vs Guilt

Answer 17

Age 3-6, imaginative play to learn about society with sense of ambition and responsibility, parental demands for self control and guilt

Question 18

Erikson Industry vs Inferiority

Answer 18

Age 6-puberty, productive work and cooperation with others, when others do not foster feelings of competence and mastery

Question 19

Erikson Identity vs Identity Confusion

Answer 19

Adolescence, transition between childhood and adulthood. Coherent sense of self, confusion.

Question 20

Erikson Intimacy vs Isolation

Answer 20

Young adulthood, relationships with others enhance identity, inability to form relationships, rejection, and isolation

Question 21

Erikson Generativity vs. Stagnation

Answer 21

Middle adulthood, contributing to younger generations (mentor teacher) other productive work versus boredom

Question 22

Erikson Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Answer 22

Old age, look back at life and decide life was worthwhile or having sense of dissatisfaction

Question 23

Piaget Sensorimotor

Answer 23

Birth-2, learns through sensory and motor activity. Representational thought, object permanence, and deferred imitation

Question 24

Piaget Preoperational

Answer 24

Age 2-7, imaginative, symbolic function, increased language, symbolic play, problem solving , egocentricism, inability to conserve

Question 25

Piaget Concrete Operational

Answer 25

Age 7-12, ability to conserve, reason using concrete events, transitivity, hierarchal classification

Question 26

Piaget Formal Operational

Answer 26

Ages 12+, abstract thinking, hypothetical and deductive reasoning, propositional thought (Elkind perosnal fable and imaginary audiance)