Developmental Theories

Question 1

Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development: Phase 1

Answer 1

Infants
Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1 year)
- Children develop a sense of trust with caregivers
- Infants need to be held, talked to and have their basic needs met to develop trust

Question 2

Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development: Phase 2

Answer 2

Toddlers
Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt (1 -3 years)
- Children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills & sense of independence
- Need to feel “in control”, but has a sense of ambiguity about autonomy causing emotional lability
- “No” is their favorite word and will regress under times of stress

Question 3

Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development: Phase 3

Answer 3

Preschoolers
Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years)
- Children need to begin asserting control & power over environment, sense of purpose
- Loves to please, use imagination
- Develops conscience and enjoys helping
- No ability to link cause and effect

Question 4

Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development: Phase 4

Answer 4

School Age
Industry vs. Inferiority (6 - 11 years)
- Children need to cope with new social and academic demands
- Leads to a sense of competence
- Wants to learn about themselves and the world
- Needs support/encouragment

Question 5

Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development: Phase 5

Answer 5

Adolescent
Identity vs. Role confusion or Diffusion
Early 11-14 y/o
Middle 14-16 y/o
Late 17-20 y/o
- Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity 
- Become their own person
- Learn how to separate from parents
- "Revisits" earlier stages

Question 6

Piaget Stages of Cognitive Development: Stage 1

Answer 6

Infants
Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years)
- Senses & motor skills to learn about the world
- Begins to act intentionally (ex: shake a rattle to make noise, pull a string to set mobile in motion)
- Object Permanence: realizes that things continue to exist even when no longer present to the sense

Question 7

Piaget Stages of Cognitive Development: Sensorimotor substages 5 & 6

Answer 7

Toddlers (12 months - 2 years)
Preoperational (2-7 years)
- Differentiates self from objects
- Object permanence
- Play becomes more complex

Question 8

Piaget Stages of Cognitive Development: Preoperational Substages

Answer 8

Preschoolers
Preconceptual Phase (2 - 4 years)
Intuitive Phase (4 - 7 years)
- Egocentric thinking 
- Active imagination
- Starts to understand right from wrong

Question 9

Piaget Stages of Cognitive Development: Phase 3

Answer 9

School Age
Concrete Operational (7 - 11 years)
- Interested in how things are made and run
- Needs support and encouragement from important people in their life

Question 10

Piaget Stages of Cognitive Development: Phase 4

Answer 10

Adolescent 
Formal Operational 
Early (11-14 y/o)
Middle (14-17 y/o)
Late (17-20 y/o)
- Invincibility
- Develops likes
- Making independent decisions 
- Develops critical thinking