Developmental Stages

Question 1

Piagets developmental theory

Answer 1

Motivation for cognitive development occurs when there is a state of disequilibrium.

Equilibrium is achieved through assimilation and accommodation. Both lead to adaptation.

Question 2

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 2

Birth to 2 years

Infants learn through sensory input and action. There are 3 achievements during this stage:

Object permanence
Causality
Symbolic thought

Question 3

Object permanence

Answer 3

Begins around 8 months - allows child to recognize objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight

Question 4

Causality

Answer 4

Occurs around 10 months of age - allows child to recognize certain events cause other events

Question 5

Symbolic thought

Answer 5

Begins at 18 months - allows child to use language and symbols to think about actions before performing them.

A child begins to understand that words represent objects such as dog or cat

Question 6

Preoperational stage

Answer 6

2-7 yrs old

Characteristic of this stage is symbolic function which allows child to learn thru mental images, languages, and symbols.

Precausal reasoning
Egocentrism
Irreversibility
Centration

Ex: child referring to mom’s boyfriend as ‘daddy’ and bio dad getting upset

Question 7

Precausal reasoning

Answer 7

Limits child’s understanding of cause and effect and is evidenced by magical thinking and animism

Ex. Believes stars are twinkling because they are happy

Question 8

Egocentrism

Answer 8

Limits child’s ability to take perspective of another person

Ex: believes dad must like dolls because the child Luke’s dolls

Question 9

Irreversibility

Answer 9

The inability of a child to realize that an action can be done and undone

Question 10

Centration

Answer 10

The inability of child to concentrate on one aspect of a situation without neglecting other aspects

Question 11

Concrete operational stage

Answer 11

7-11 years old

Children are capable of performing mental operations using logic and abstract thinking - allows child to classify and problem solve

Seriation
Classification
De entering
Reversibility
Conservation

Question 12

Seriation

Answer 12

Ability to sort abject a according to a given characteristic

Ex. Places toy blocks by height

Question 13

Classification

Answer 13

Ability to name and identify sets of objects according to characteristics

Question 14

De entering

Answer 14

Child can take account multiple aspects of a problem to solve it

Question 15

Reversibility

Answer 15

The understanding that actions can be reversed

Question 16

Conservation

Answer 16

The understanding that the quantity, length, or number of items is related to arrangement or appearance of items

Question 17

Formal operational stage

Answer 17

11+ years old

Adolescent or adult is able to think abstractly, hypothetically and in a relativistic way. Some return to egocentrism during this stage

Question 18

Eriksons stages of development

Answer 18

Related to social and emotional functioning

Emphasis on ego

Each stage involves a psychosocial task that is to be mastered. If not mastered, person continues to develop but ego is damaged and subsequent stages will be affected

Question 19

Trust vs mistrust

Answer 19

0-18 months

To achieve balance with trust and mistrust. Failure results in mistrust or dependent, unthinking, rigid adulation of others.

Question 20

Autonomy vs Shame and doubt

Answer 20

18 months to 3 yrs

To achieve a sense of independence. If child is over controlled or prohibited from exploring/becoming autonomous, they are likely to feel doubtful and shame

Question 21

Initiative vs guilt

Answer 21

3-6 yrs

To set goals and carry out plans without infringing the rights of others.

Exerting too much control results in disapproval from adults and subsequent feelings of guilt - this guilt prohibits child/adult from effectively making plans or setting goals in the future

Question 22

Industry vs inferiority

Answer 22

6-12 yrs

To develop a sense of competence through school and learning on their own which Instills pride and confidence. If child not supported then a sense of inferiority develops making child doubt his abilities and difficult to reach his potential

Question 23

Identity vs role confusion

Answer 23

12-18 yrs

To learn roles that they will occupy as adults while developing sense of self and identity. If fails, may feel role confusion and weakened sense of self

Question 24

Intimacy vs isolation

Answer 24

18-40 yrs

To begins forming intimate relations with other people. Failure to develop intimacy can lead to isolation, loneliness, and feelings of exclusion

Question 25

Generativity vs stagnation

Answer 25

40-65 yrs

To participate in activities that gives person a sense of purpose. Failure can lead to feeling little connection to others and sense of uselessness and rejection

Question 26

Ego integrity vs despair

Answer 26

65-death

To look back on life and feel fulfillment and accomplishment. Failure may develop despair and guilt leading to depression and hopelessness