Developmental Stages Flashcards
Piagets developmental theory
Motivation for cognitive development occurs when there is a state of disequilibrium.
Equilibrium is achieved through assimilation and accommodation. Both lead to adaptation.
Sensorimotor stage
Birth to 2 years
Infants learn through sensory input and action. There are 3 achievements during this stage:
Object permanence
Causality
Symbolic thought
Object permanence
Begins around 8 months - allows child to recognize objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight
Causality
Occurs around 10 months of age - allows child to recognize certain events cause other events
Symbolic thought
Begins at 18 months - allows child to use language and symbols to think about actions before performing them.
A child begins to understand that words represent objects such as dog or cat
Preoperational stage
2-7 yrs old
Characteristic of this stage is symbolic function which allows child to learn thru mental images, languages, and symbols.
Precausal reasoning
Egocentrism
Irreversibility
Centration
Ex: child referring to mom’s boyfriend as ‘daddy’ and bio dad getting upset
Precausal reasoning
Limits child’s understanding of cause and effect and is evidenced by magical thinking and animism
Ex. Believes stars are twinkling because they are happy
Egocentrism
Limits child’s ability to take perspective of another person
Ex: believes dad must like dolls because the child Luke’s dolls
Irreversibility
The inability of a child to realize that an action can be done and undone
Centration
The inability of child to concentrate on one aspect of a situation without neglecting other aspects
Concrete operational stage
7-11 years old
Children are capable of performing mental operations using logic and abstract thinking - allows child to classify and problem solve
Seriation Classification De entering Reversibility Conservation
Seriation
Ability to sort abject a according to a given characteristic
Ex. Places toy blocks by height
Classification
Ability to name and identify sets of objects according to characteristics
De entering
Child can take account multiple aspects of a problem to solve it
Reversibility
The understanding that actions can be reversed
Conservation
The understanding that the quantity, length, or number of items is related to arrangement or appearance of items
Formal operational stage
11+ years old
Adolescent or adult is able to think abstractly, hypothetically and in a relativistic way. Some return to egocentrism during this stage
Eriksons stages of development
Related to social and emotional functioning
Emphasis on ego
Each stage involves a psychosocial task that is to be mastered. If not mastered, person continues to develop but ego is damaged and subsequent stages will be affected
Trust vs mistrust
0-18 months
To achieve balance with trust and mistrust. Failure results in mistrust or dependent, unthinking, rigid adulation of others.
Autonomy vs Shame and doubt
18 months to 3 yrs
To achieve a sense of independence. If child is over controlled or prohibited from exploring/becoming autonomous, they are likely to feel doubtful and shame
Initiative vs guilt
3-6 yrs
To set goals and carry out plans without infringing the rights of others.
Exerting too much control results in disapproval from adults and subsequent feelings of guilt - this guilt prohibits child/adult from effectively making plans or setting goals in the future
Industry vs inferiority
6-12 yrs
To develop a sense of competence through school and learning on their own which Instills pride and confidence. If child not supported then a sense of inferiority develops making child doubt his abilities and difficult to reach his potential
Identity vs role confusion
12-18 yrs
To learn roles that they will occupy as adults while developing sense of self and identity. If fails, may feel role confusion and weakened sense of self
Intimacy vs isolation
18-40 yrs
To begins forming intimate relations with other people. Failure to develop intimacy can lead to isolation, loneliness, and feelings of exclusion
