Developmental Stages

Question 1

Stages of Psychosexual Development

An infants primary interaction with the world is through the mouth. The mouth is vital for eating and the infant derives pleasure from oral stimulation through gratifying activities such as tasting and sucking.

Answer 1

birth to 1 year, oral stage

Question 2

Stages of Psychosexual Development

Freud suggested that the primary focus of the id’s energy is on the genitals. At this stage children become aware of their gender identity.

Answer 2

Phallic Stage (3-6 years)

Question 3

Stages of Psychosexual Development

The onset of puberty causes the libido to become active once again. During this stage, people develop sexual interests in others. If development has been successful to this pint, the individual will continue to develop into a well-balanced person.

Answer 3

Genital Stage (Puberty-Adult)

Question 4

Sexual feelings are dormant. Children develop social skills, values and relationships with peers and adults outside of the family.

Answer 4

Latent Stage (6-puberty)

Question 5

Stages of Psychosexual Development.

Freud believed that the primary focus of the libido was on controlling bladder and bowel movements. Toilet training is a primary issue with children and parents. Too much pressure can result in an excessive need for order or cleanliness later in life, while too little pressure from parents can lead to messy or destructive behavior later in life.

Answer 5

Anal Stage (1-3 years)

Question 6

Based on the premise that people actively construct higher levels of knowledge
● Motivation for cognitive development occurs when there is a state of ‘disequilibrium’ brought on by a discrepancy between the person’s current understanding of the world and reality.
● Equilibrium is then achieved through a combination of ____ (incorporation of new information into existing schemas) and _____ (modification of existing schemas), which both lead to ___.

Answer 6

Piaget’s Developmental Theory, assimilation , accommodation, adaptation

Question 7

Allows the child to recognize that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight. Ex: A child searched for a toy that is hidden under a blanket, even if the toy cannot be seen.

Answer 7

Piaget’s Stages of Development- Birth to 2 years

Object permanence

Question 8

When the child learns to recognize that certain events cause other events. Ex: A child realizes that they can use their hand to pick up and move a toy to a different spot

Answer 8

Piaget’s Stages of Development- Birth to 2 years: Causality

Question 9

When the child begins to use language or (___) to think about actions before performing them. Ex: A child begins to understand that words represent an object such as a cat or dog.

Answer 9

Piaget’s Stages of Development- Birth to 2 years: Symbolic Thoughts

Question 10

Piaget’s stages of development: A key characteristic of this stage is symbolic function, which allows the child to learn through the use of mental images, language and other symbols that represent. Symbolic thinking; magical thinking; thinking is concrete/irreversible; *egocentric; can’t see viewpoint of others; imaginary friends

Answer 10

Pre-operational Stage (2-7 years)

Question 11

Beginning of logical thought; understand cause/effect relationships; thinking is reversible; develop rules of logic; *logical thinking

Children are capable of performing mental operations using logic and abstract thinking. This allows children to classify and problem-solve in more sophisticated ways.

Answer 11

Concrete Operational Stage: (7 to 11 years)

Question 12

During this stage, the adolescent or young adult is able to think abstractly, hypothetically, and in a relativistic way. Adolescents can develop competing hypotheses about a problem and strategies for testing the hypotheses. There is an increase in “thinking about thinking” and some return to egocentrism during this stage.

*Abstract thinking; hypothetical thinking; assume adult roles/responsibilities

Answer 12

Formal Operational Stage: (11+ years

Question 13

The psychosocial task during this stage is to achieve a balance between ______. Basic ____ develops in the context of the relationship between the infant and the primary caregiver and forms the foundation for all other stages of development. Failure to master the task can result in pervasive mistrust of others OR dependent, unthinking, rigid adulation of others.

Answer 13

Trust vs. Mistrust: (0-18 months)

Question 14

The toddler’s psychosocial task during this stage is to achieve a sense of independence over her own body in the context of relationships with primary caregivers. If a child experiences ___ (in walking, exploring, etc.), she will gain confidence and pride, which then become ego strengths. If the child is overcontrolled or prohibited from exploring or becoming autonomous, she is likely to feel doubtful of her own abilities and excessive shame.

Answer 14

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt: (18 months to 3 years)

Question 15

The child’s psychosocial task during this stage is to set goals and carry out plans without infringing on the rights of others. Exerting too much control (or taking action that does infringe on the rights of others) results in disapproval from adults and subsequent feelings of guilt. Those feelings of guilt, then, prohibit the child (or adult) from effectively making plans or setting goals in the future.

Answer 15

Initiative vs. Guilt: (3-6 years)

Question 16

The child’s psychosocial task during this stage is to develop a sense of competence by beginning school and learning to do things on his own which instills a sense of pride and confidence. A child’s peer group also begins to be of greater significance in this stage as well and contributes to a child’s self-esteem. If adults do not support the child in his initiative, then a sense of inferiority is likely to develop where the child doubts his own abilities, making it more difficult to reach his potential.

Answer 16

Industry vs. Inferiority: (6-12 years)

Question 17

The adolescent’s task is to learn the roles that s/he will occupy as an adult while developing a sense of personal identity. Peer relationships help them to explore various identities. Success in this stage leads to fidelity where the adolescent feels comfortable with others who have varying values, while remaining true to her own identity. If the adolescent fails to develop a sense of identity, than she may feel role confusion or a weakened sense of self.

Answer 17

Identity vs. Role Confusion: (12-18 years)

Question 18

The task during this stage is to begin forming intimate relationships with other people. An individual develops comfortable relationships with a sense of commitment and care. Failure to develop intimacy can lead to isolation, loneliness, and a feeling of exclusion.

Answer 18

Intimacy vs. Isolation: (18-40 years)

Question 19

The psychosocial task during this stage is to participate in activities that give the individual a sense of purpose such as a career, raising children, and creating positive changes that benefit others. If an adult does not feel this sense of purpose, he may then feel little connection to others and a sense of uselessness or rejection.

Answer 19

Generativity vs. Stagnation: (40-65 years)

Question 20

The psychosocial task during this stage is for older adults to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment and accomplishment. This wisdom allows for them to face the end of life and accept successes and failures, aging, and loss. Those who see their lives as unproductive or with many regrets may develop a sense of despair and guilt that can lead to depression and hopelessness.

Answer 20

Ego Integrity vs. Despair: (65-death)

Question 21

(new born 1 month): Infant is focused purely on his/herself; unresponsive to external stimuli.

Answer 21

Mahler Stages of Development; Autistic Stage

Question 22

(1-5 months): infant begins to perceive the “need- satisfying object”. During this stage, the mother’s ego functions for the infant. Begins to understand that the mother as a separate being. Child is now aware of mother, but no sense of individuality; infant & mother are one – barrier between them & rest of the world

Answer 22

Mahler Stages of Development Symbiotic Stage (1-5 months):

Question 23

During separation, the infant begins to develop an understanding of the boundaries of self and they start to see their mother as a separate individual. During individuation the child begins to develop a sense of self. Within separation-individuation there are four sub-stages.

Answer 23

Separation-Individuation Stage (5-24 months+)

Question 24

infant’s attention shifts from being inwardly focused to outwardly focused. (i.e. crawling)

Answer 24

Differentiation Substage (5-9 months): i

Question 25

infants continues to be separate from caretaker, his/her autonomous ego functions become more apparent. (i.e. walking, playing)

Answer 25

PracticingSubstage(9-14months):

Question 26

infant begins to want to act independently. Moves away from mother but regularly comes back to ensure she is still there.

Answer 26

Rapprochement Substage (14-24 months)