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Developmental Psychology > Developmental Semester 1 Week 6: emotion development > Flashcards

Developmental Semester 1 Week 6: emotion development Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of emotion?

A

Physiological factors, subjective feelings, cognitions and perceptions, expressive behaviour, and the desire to take action.

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2
Q

What are physiological factors in emotion?

A

Heart rate, breathing rate, and hormone levels.

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3
Q

What is meant by expressive behaviour in emotions?

A

An outward expression of the emotional state.

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4
Q

What are action tendencies in relation to emotions?

A

Tendencies to enact behaviours in relation to specific emotions.

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5
Q

What do forward actions indicate?

A

Actions taken towards a situation.

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6
Q

What do backward actions indicate?

A

Actions taken away from a situation.

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7
Q

What is the action tendency associated with disgust?

A

Active rejection of the thing causing disgust (backward).

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8
Q

What is the action tendency associated with fear?

A

Fight or flight to maintain self-preservation (forward or backward).

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9
Q

What is the action tendency associated with anger?

A

Eliminating obstacles or removing sources of anger (forward).

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10
Q

What is the action tendency associated with sadness?

A

Disengagement and withdrawal (backward).

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11
Q

What is the action tendency associated with shame?

A

Withdrawal, avoiding others (backward).

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12
Q

What is the action tendency associated with guilt?

A

Movement to make amends, inform others, or punish self (forwards).

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13
Q

How do parents often misinterpret infants’ emotions?

A

They often read too much into infants’ emotional range.

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14
Q

What is the first sign of positive emotions in infants?

A

Smiles.

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15
Q

What happens in the first 4 weeks regarding infant smiles?

A

Infants exhibit fleeting smiles primarily during REM sleep.

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16
Q

What is the nature of early smiles in infants?

A

Early smiles tend to be reflexive rather than due to social interaction.

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17
Q

What occurs between 3 to 8 weeks in infant emotional development?

A

Infants begin to smile in reaction to external stimuli.

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18
Q

What are social smiles and when do they appear?

A

Smiles directed towards people, appearing around 3 months.

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19
Q

What is significant about smiles at 7 months?

A

Infants smile primarily at familiar people, strengthening bonds with caregivers.

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20
Q

What do infants start to do towards 1 year old?

A

Infants start to laugh at surprising or unexpected events.

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21
Q

What is the first sign of negative emotion in infants?

A

Generalised distress.

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22
Q

How can researchers distinguish between anger and sadness in 2-month-olds?

A

By examining facial expressions.

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23
Q

When do infants start to become wary of unfamiliar objects and events?

A

4 months of age.

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24
Q

At what age do signs of fear, particularly towards strangers, become observable in infants?

A

Signs of fear can be observed in infants at 6-7 months of age.

(Camras et al., 1991)

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25
Q

What type of fears do infants develop around 6-7 months?

A

Infants may develop fears of loud noises and other stimuli, which are likely adaptive.

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26
Q

How does fear of strangers change after 2 years of age?

A

Fear of strangers intensifies after 2 years but depends on temperament.

27
Q

When does separation anxiety begin to emerge in infants?

A

Separation anxiety emerges at 8 months of age, particularly when the primary caregiver walks away.

28
Q

How does separation anxiety change between 8 to 15 months?

A

Separation anxiety increases and then declines between 8 to 15 months.

(Kagan, 1976)

29
Q

At what age do children begin to clearly express anger?

A

Children begin to clearly express anger around 1 year of age.

30
Q

How does anger expression change as children approach 2 years of age?

A

Anger typically increases up to 16 months of age and is common when toddlers gain more control over their environment.

31
Q

What is the trend in anger responses from 18 months to 36 months?

A

Toddlers are quicker to respond with anger at 18 months than at 36 months, likely due to better language and self-regulation.

(Cole et al., 2011)

32
Q

At what age can infants distinguish between happy, surprised, and angry faces?

A

Infants can distinguish between happy, surprised, and angry faces at 3 months of age.

33
Q

When can infants distinguish between fear, sadness, and interest?

A

By 7 months of age, infants can distinguish between fear, sadness, and interest.

34
Q

How do young children respond to others’ emotions?

A

Young children are sensitive to others’ reactions, which affects their own emotions.

(Saarni et al., 2006)

35
Q

At what age do children begin to show self-conscious emotions?

A

Children begin to show self-conscious emotions such as guilt, pride, shame, and embarrassment at 2 years of age.

36
Q

What is linked to the emergence of self-conscious emotions in children?

A

The emergence of self-conscious emotions is linked to children developing a sense of self and their awareness of others’ expectations.

(Lewis, 1998; Lewis et al., 1992)

37
Q

What individual differences exist in children’s feelings of guilt and shame?

A

Individual differences in feelings of guilt or shame may be due to parenting style.

38
Q

What did Barrett et al. (1993) find regarding children’s responses to a doll’s leg falling off?

A

Some children showed shame by hiding the doll, while others showed guilt by attempting to repair it and informing the researcher. - possibly due to parenting style

(Barrett et al., 1993)

39
Q

Are emotions innate?

A

Yes, according to Charles Darwin, facial expressions for basic emotions are innate to the species, universal, and found in very young infants.

40
Q

What does Discrete Emotions Theory propose?

A

Each emotion is innately packaged with a specific set of physiological, bodily, and facial expressions, allowing for differentiation very early in life.

(Izard, 2011)

41
Q

What is the argument against the innateness of emotions?

A

Emotions are not distinct at the beginning of life, and the environment plays an important role in their expression.

42
Q

What are the three basic affect systems identified by Sroufe (1995)?

A
  1. Joy/Pleasure 2. Anger/Frustration 3. Wariness/Fear
43
Q

How do the basic affect systems change over time?

A

They undergo developmental changes from primitive to more advanced expressions during the first few years of life.

44
Q

What is the functionalist approach to emotions?

A

It emphasizes the role of the environment in promoting action towards achieving a goal in a given context.

45
Q

What does the visual cliff experiment suggest?

A

It was originally used to argue that infants have an innate fear of heights.

46
Q

What is emotional regulation?

A

It involves initiating, inhibiting, or modulating physiological factors, subjective feelings, cognitions, and expressive behavior.

47
Q

What are marshmallow tasks used to assess?

A

They assess delay of gratification and emotional regulation in children.

(Mischel, 1981)

48
Q

What are the three stages of emotion regulation development according to Zimber-Gembeck and Skinner (2012)?

A
  1. From caregiver to self-regulation 2. The use of cognitive strategies 3. Selection of strategies
49
Q

How do parents help infants regulate emotions?

A

Parents soothe or distract distressed infants, helping them to regulate their emotions.

50
Q

At what age do infants show signs of basic self-regulation?

A

Around 6 months, infants begin to show signs of basic self-regulation.

51
Q

What cognitive strategies do older children use for emotion regulation?

A

Older children use cognitive strategies and problem-solving, such as rethinking goals to adapt to unpleasant situations.

52
Q

Why is emotion regulation important?

A

It fosters social competence and leads to better interactions with others and improved academic performance.

53
Q

What is temperament?

A

Temperament is a person’s emotional and attentional reactivity, and self-regulation that shows consistency across situations and stability over time.

(Rothbart & Bates, 1998)

54
Q

What are the six aspects of temperament?

A
  1. Fearful distress/inhibition 2. Irritable distress 3. Attention span/persistence 4. Activity level 5. Positive affect/approach 6. Rhythmicity
55
Q

How is temperament thought to be influenced by nature?

A

Temperament is thought to be hereditary, as identical twins have more similar temperaments than non-identical twins.

56
Q

What environmental factors can influence temperament?

A

Extreme environmental stressors, such as negative parenting and instability, can affect emotion regulation and temperament.

57
Q

What is a strength of self-report measures in assessing temperament?

A

Parents have extensive knowledge of their child’s behavior.

58
Q

What is a weakness of self-report measures in assessing temperament?

A

Parents may not be objective and may lack knowledge of other children for comparison.

59
Q

What physiological measure is linked to temperament differences?

A

Cortisol reactivity, which is the amount of cortisol released in response to stress.

60
Q

What is a strength of physiological measures in assessing temperament?

A

They provide objective data.

61
Q

What is a weakness of physiological measures in assessing temperament?

A

It is hard to determine the direction of causality.

62
Q

What types of stimuli are used in lab measures for assessing temperament in younger infants?

A

Blocked toys, puppets, and scary masks.

63
Q

What is a strength of lab measures in assessing temperament?

A

They are more objective and less likely to be biased.

64
Q

What is a weakness of lab measures in assessing temperament?

A

Behavior is only observed in a limited set of circumstances.

Developmental Psychology (6 decks)

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