Developmental Related Pathology Flashcards
1
Q
Define congenital
A
Defect present at birth
2
Q
Define hereditary
A
Trait transmitted from parent to offspring
3
Q
Define familial
A
Trait occurs in more members of the same family than would be expected by chance
4
Q
Define aquired
A
Originates after birth, from a reaction to environmental influences
5
Q
What are the 4 main pathologies?
A
- Failure of foetal structures to close
- Septal defects
- Tetralogy of fallot
- Vascular anomalies
6
Q
Which foetal structures can fail to close and cause pathology?
A
- Patent foramen ovale - blood moves from the LA to RA from high pressure to low pressure. Oxy and deoxy blood mixes, get inefficient cardiac output
- Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) - blood flows from LV to RV (aorta to pulmonary vessels), mixing of deoxy and oxy blood. Thickening of RV (hypertrophy) and pulmonary hypertension
- Persistent ductus venosus - blood flow from portal vein bypasses the liver and enters systemic circulation. Incomplete detoxification of blood by liver, increased levels of ammonia can cause hepatic encephalopathy
7
Q
How do septal defects cause pathology?
A
- Atrial septal defect (ASD) - blood flows from L to R from high to low pressure. Mixing of oxy and deoxy blood. RV hypertrophy. Pulmonary hypertension, inefficient CO. Risk of endocarditis and pulmonary vascular damage
- Ventricular septal defect (VSD)(cattle) - upper portion IVS is membranous, RV thickens, pulmonary hypertension, blood from L to R. But if chronic, shunt shifts R to L
8
Q
Describe the tetralogy of fallot
A
Aorta moves to the right and overlies a VSD. This causes pulmonic stenosis (obstruction of blood flow out of RV). This results in RV hypertrophy and deoxy blood enters systemic circulation.
*too little blood to lungs*
9
Q
Describe vascular anomalies
A
- Abnormal arterial or venous connections
- Persistent R aortic arch - occlude oesophagus, megaoesophagus and regurgitation
- Portosystemic shunts
